Equine viral arteritis: Current status and prevention

Holyoak, G. Reed; Balasuriya, Udeni B. R.; Broaddus, Charles C.; Timoney, Peter J.

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.020

Cited by 50 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 60 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Exposure to EAV most frequently results in a mild or subclinical infection but certain strains of the virus can cause outbreaks of EVA characterised by an influenza-like illness in adult horses, abortion in pregnant mares, interstitial pneumonia in young foals, and death in newborn foals (14). Most infected horses recover without complications but 10% to 70% of stallions can subsequently become carriers and constantly shed the virus in their semen through several weeks, months, or years (21).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequence analysis of minor protein genes of equine arteritis virus during persistent infection

Rola

Socha

Zmudzinski

2015

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The variability of the ORF2a, ORF2b, ORF3, and ORF4 genes of the equine arteritis virus (EAV) was analysed during a seven year observation of persistent infection in a stallion of the Malopolska breed. A total of 11 semen samples were collected between 2004 and 2011. RNA of EAV isolates obtained from the semen of the stallion was amplified, sequenced, and compared with the sequences of other strains available in GenBank. Multiple nucleotide substitutions were found in sequences of the analysed regions, however, neither deletion nor insertions were detected. The highest number of point mutations (11-6 synonymous and 5 non-synonymous) were found in the ORF2b gene, and the lowest number of substitutions (6-5 synonymous and one non-synonymous) were found in the ORF2a gene. None of the identified mutations affected any of the glycosylation or phosphorylation sites of the minor EAV protein. Phylogenetic analysis of the ORF3 gene of EAV isolates showed that they grouped together within the cluster of European strains of EAV. Additionally, the ORF3 gene sequences of the isolates showed high (86.4% -98.3%) similarity to the previously isolated Polish EAV strains.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequence analysis of minor protein genes of equine arteritis virus during persistent infection

Rola

Socha

Zmudzinski

2015

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is the causal agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), which is a respiratory and reproductive disease of horses and other equids (3,14). While the vast majority of natural infections with EAV are unapparent or subclinical (3, 2, 14), occasional outbreaks of EVA occur that are characterized by influenza-like signs in adult horses, abortion in mares, and the possibility of pneumonia in foals (7,14). Following EAV infection, a variable proportion of stallions (30 to 70%) can become persistently infected and continuously shed the virus in their semen (14; S. M. Neu, P. J. Timoney, and W. H. McCollum, presented at the 5th International Conference Equine Infectious Diseases, Lexington, Kentucky, 1987).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence thatIn VitroSusceptibility of CD3⁺T Lymphocytes to Equine Arteritis Virus Infection Reflects Genetic Predisposition of Naturally Infected Stallions To Become Carriers of the Virus

Bailey

Timoney

et al. 2012

J Virol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We investigated the correlation between in vitro susceptibility of CD3 ؉ T lymphocytes to equine arteritis virus (EAV) infection and establishment of persistent infection among 14 stallions following natural infections. The data showed that carrier stallions with a CD3 ؉ T lymphocyte susceptibility phenotype to in vitro EAV infection may be at higher risk of becoming carriers than those that lack this phenotype (P ‫؍‬ 0.0002). Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is a small, enveloped virus with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that belongs to the family Arteriviridae (genus Arterivirus, order Nidovirales) (4,11). It is the causal agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), which is a respiratory and reproductive disease of horses and other equids (3,14). While the vast majority of natural infections with EAV are unapparent or subclinical (3, 2, 14), occasional outbreaks of EVA occur that are characterized by influenza-like signs in adult horses, abortion in mares, and the possibility of pneumonia in foals (7,14). Following EAV infection, a variable proportion of stallions (30 to 70%) can become persistently infected and continuously shed the virus in their semen (14; S. M. Neu, P. J. Timoney, and W. H. McCollum, presented at the 5th International Conference Equine Infectious Diseases, Lexington, Kentucky, 1987). Carrier stallions are the natural reservoir of EAV; they ensure the virus is maintained in equine populations between breeding seasons (14, 16). The continued growth in the international trade of horses and semen has served as a significant means of dissemination of EAV strains around the world (1,8,(13)(14)(15)(16). Therefore, identification of carrier stallions is of critical epidemiological importance in the prevention and control of EAV infection in countries worldwide (2,3,(12)(13)(14). While the mechanism of persistence of EAV in the male reproductive tract is not clear, it has been established that viral persistence in the stallion is testosterone dependent (9; T. V. Little, G. R. Holyoak, W. H. McCollum, and P. J. Timoney, presented at the 6th International Conference on Equine Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, England, 1992). Although multiple factors

show abstract

“…Exposure to EAV usually results in a mild or subclinical infection but some strains of the virus can cause outbreaks of EVA characterized by an influenza-like illness in adult horses, abortion in pregnant mares, interstitial pneumonia in young foals and death in newborn foals (Holyoak et al 2008). Most infected horses recover without complications but 10…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability of non-structural proteins of equine arteritis virus during persistent infection of the stallion

Socha¹,

Rola²,

Zmudzinski³

2015

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The genetic stability of ORF1a encoding non-structural proteins nsp1, nsp2, nsp3 and nsp4 of equine arteritis virus (EAV) has been analysed for nearly seven years in a persistently infected stallion of the Malopolska breed. Between November 2004 and June 2011, 11 semen samples were collected. Viral RNA extracted from semen of this carrier stallion was amplified, sequenced and compared with the sequences of the other known strains of EAV. Sequence analysis of ORF1a showed 84 synonymous and 16 non-synonymous mutations. The most variable part of ORF1a was the region encoding nsp2 protein with 13 non-synonymous substitutions. The degree of amino acid identity between isolates ranged from 98.91 to 100%. Only single non-synonymous mutations were detected in nsp1 (one substitution) and nsp4 (two substitutions). The most stable was nsp3 in which no amino acid substitutions were observed during the whole period of observation.

show abstract

Equine viral arteritis: Current status and prevention

Cited by 50 publications

References 60 publications

Sequence analysis of minor protein genes of equine arteritis virus during persistent infection

Sequence analysis of minor protein genes of equine arteritis virus during persistent infection

Evidence thatIn VitroSusceptibility of CD3⁺T Lymphocytes to Equine Arteritis Virus Infection Reflects Genetic Predisposition of Naturally Infected Stallions To Become Carriers of the Virus

Variability of non-structural proteins of equine arteritis virus during persistent infection of the stallion

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Equine viral arteritis: Current status and prevention

Cited by 50 publications

References 60 publications

Sequence analysis of minor protein genes of equine arteritis virus during persistent infection

Sequence analysis of minor protein genes of equine arteritis virus during persistent infection

Evidence thatIn VitroSusceptibility of CD3+T Lymphocytes to Equine Arteritis Virus Infection Reflects Genetic Predisposition of Naturally Infected Stallions To Become Carriers of the Virus

Variability of non-structural proteins of equine arteritis virus during persistent infection of the stallion

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Evidence thatIn VitroSusceptibility of CD3⁺T Lymphocytes to Equine Arteritis Virus Infection Reflects Genetic Predisposition of Naturally Infected Stallions To Become Carriers of the Virus