Purpose: To determine the effects of lubrication of the vaginal speculum before insertion during a Papanicolaou test on perceived pain and quality of the cytology specimen.Methods: Four hundred eligible women participating in cervical cancer screening and an early detection program were randomized with respect to lubricant gel use before speculum insertion. Perceived pain during speculum insertion and cytology results were assessed in study groups.Results: The mean age of the patients was 45.7 years (range, 23-77 years). Pain score of the NO GEL group was significantly higher than that of the GEL group (2.3 and 1.6, respectively; P < .05).

Women with cervical HPV infection have a considerable risk for coexisting anal HPV infection. Concordance of HPV types infecting the cervix and anal canal is relatively high. There is no strong predictor for anal HPV infection in this population.

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Purpose Turner syndrome is a sex chromosomal aberration where majority of the patients have 45,X karyotype, while several patients are mosaic involving 45,X/46,XX; 46,X,i(Xq); and other variants. Cytogenetic analysis, karyotyping, is considered to be the “gold standard” to detect numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities. In the recent years, alternative approaches, such as array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), have been widely used in genetic analysis to detect numerical abnormalities as well as unbalanced structural rearrangements. In this study, we report the use of karyotyping as well as aCGH in detecting a possible Turner syndrome variant. Methods An apparent 16-year-old female was clinically diagnosed as Turner syndrome with premature ovarian failure and short stature. The genetic diagnosis was performed for the patient and the parents by karyotyping analysis. aCGH was also performed for the patient. Main Findings Cytogenetic analysis of the patient was performed showing variant Turner syndrome (46,X,i(X)(q10)[26]/46,X,del(X)(q11.2)[11]/45,X[8]/46,XX[5]). The patient's aCGH result revealed that she has a deletion of 57,252kb of Xp22.33-p11.21 region; arr[GRCh37] Xp22.33-p11.21 (310,932–57,563–078)X1. Both aCGH and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results suggested that short stature Homeobox-containing (SHOX) gene, which is located on Xp22.33, was deleted, though FISH result indicated that this was in a mosaic pattern. Conclusion In the recent years, aCGH has become the preferred method in detecting numerical abnormalities and unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements. However, its use is hindered by its failure of detecting mosaicism, especially low-level partial mosaicism. Therefore, although the resolution of the aCGH is higher, the cytogenetic investigation is still the first in line to detect mosaicism.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of a Turkish adaptation of the Premenstrual Symptoms Impact Survey™ (PMSIS™), a six-question health survey that measures the impact of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) on an individual's functional health and well-being. Methods: The PMSIS™ was independently translated into Turkish and its adaptation to Turkish language was performed via back-translation. The reliability and validity of the PMSIS™ were examined with 63 women of reproductive age, found healthy during annual wellwoman gynecologic examination. Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS), a Turkish questionnaire, was administered to assess the concurrent validity of the PMSIS™. For the assessment of survey data, the content validity, test-retest reliability, Cronbach's alpha, concurrent validity, and construct validity tests were used. Results: The content validity index of the Turkish version of PMSIS™ was found as high (91%). After reliability analyses, the intra-class correlation coefficient between the PMSIS™ scores at the first and second assessments was 0.70, showing a good agreement between test and retest values; and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.89, indicating adequate and high internal consistency. Regarding the concurrent validity, the Pearson's correlation coefficient between the PMSIS™ (first assessment) and PMSS scores was 0.70. Regarding the construct validity, factor analysis revealed that one dimension was found; and factor loading of items ranged from 0.74 t0 0.84 and total variant of scale was expressed as 65.1%. The PMSIS™ had a good concurrent and construct validities. Conclusions: The Turkish version of PMSIS™ has good reliability and validity properties. It is a reliable, consistent, and valid instrument to assess the status of PMS in women of reproductive age and the outcome of PMS treatment in Turkish population.