WIGAEUS E, HOLM S, ASTRAND 1. Exposure to acetone: Uptake and elimination in man. Scand j work environ health 7 (1981) 84-94. Eight male subjects were exposed to ·a<:'etone vapor on two occasions for 2:h d.n lIhe laboratory. On the jjirst iOccasion t'hey wer,e ,exposed Ito about 1,300 mg/m 3 dumng r,est a'nd on the second occals'ion to about 700 mg/m 3 during rest (30 min) and eX8l'cise at dJifferent work ]oads on a bicycle ergometer (90 min). The total uptake of acetone was 0.6-1.2 g, 'and the r,elative uptake was ,about 45 0/0. The concentration of acetone in alveol,ar air was 30-40 % of tihat in ,the 'inspiratory air, and rl.t was not affected by exposure time or work 1oad. The concentration of acetone in blood increased continuously wli.t'h inc,reased uptake during exposure, and ,there was no 'tendency towarolS equili'briurn. 'I'he half-time of acetone in alveolar air as about 4 h, and in venous and arterial blood it was about 6 and 4 h, respectively. The 'h~ighest conceIllwatiions of acetone in urine were measur,ed 3-3.5 h after exposure. The ,e)jminat~on of acetone v,ia the lungs corresponded to about 20 % of the Itotal uptake. Only about 1 % of 'the uplta'ke was excreted via ur.ine.
WIGAEUS E, LOF A, BJURSTROM R, BYFALT NORDQVIST M. Exposure to styrene: Uptake, distribution, metabolism and elimination in man. Scand j work environ health 9 (1983) 479-488. Eight male subjects were exposed for 2 h to about 2.88 mmol/m3 (300 mg/m3) of styrene vapor during light physical exercise. The uptake of styrene averaged 4.4 mmol, or 68 % of the amount supplied. The arterial blood concentration of styrene reached a relatively stable level of about 20 pmol/l after 75 min of exposure. The calculated value of blood clearance was 1.7 (SD 0.3) l/min, and the extraction ratio about 0.2. The half-time for the elimination phase was 41 (SD 7) min, and the calculated volume of distribution 99 (SD 13) 1. The concentration of styrene in the subcutaneous adipose tissue was about 50 pmol/kg 30-90 min after exposure. The concentration of nonconjugated styrene glycol in blood increased linearly during exposure and was about 15 % of the styrene concentration in blood at the end of exposure. It was eliminated with a halftime of 72 (SD 13) min. Within 28 h after exposure 58 % of the total uptake of styrene was recovered in the urine as mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acid. Their excretion halftimes (0-20 h) were 3.6 (SD 0.4) and 8.8 (SD 1.3) h, respectively. Styrene-7,8-oxide was detected and quantified in blood in a complementary study.
Six male subjects were exposed for two hours during light physical exercise to 2-81 mmol/m3 (293 mg/r3) of styrene on one occasion and to a mixture of 2-89 mmolm3 (301 mg/m3) of styrene and 21-3 mmollm3 (1240 mg/m3) of acetone on another (combination study). About 68% of the dose (somewhat more than 4 mmol) of styrene was taken up. The arterial blood concentration of styrene reached a relatively stable level after about 75 minutes of exposure of about 18 and 20 ,umoiIl after the single and combined exposure, respectively. Calculated values of mean blood clearance were 1-9 /min in the styrene study and 1-6 /min in the combination study; the half life of styrene in blood was about 40 minutes in both studies. The concentration of non-conjugated styrene glycol increased linearly during exposure and reached about 3 umol/l at the end of exposure and was eliminated with a half life of about 70 minutes. Styrene-7,8-oxide was detected and quantified in the blood in a complementary study. The half lives for the excretion of mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acid in the urine were about four and nine hours, respectively, in both studies.Styrene is one of the most widely used raw materials in the modem polymer industry and the most extensive and intensive exposure occurs in the reinforced plastics industry.' Laminaters are also often exposed to acetone used as a cleaning agent. The mechanism of potentiation of hepatotoxicity has been postulated to be either non-specific membrane changes which render the cell more susceptible to toxic injury4 or increased bioactivation of the toxicants to reactive intermediates,4671113-'7 or both. Other effects on cellular function or metabolism, however, cannot be excluded.671'
Exposure to styrene in a polymerization plant. Uptake in the organism and concentration in subcutaneous adipose tissue. by Engström J, Åstrand I, Wigaeus E 4 (1978) 324-329. Three male employees exposed to styrene in the processing of polyester tanks were studied during a work week. From Tuesday to Friday the concentration of styrene in ambient air was measured continuously in the breathing zone. The uptake in the organism was estimated as the product of the time-weighted average of the concentration in inspiratory air, the time-weighted average of 8-h pulmonary ventilation, and the percentage pulmonary uptake. Pulmonary ventilation was measured with the Wright respirometer. Percentage pulmonary uptake was estimated on the basis of the concentrations in inspiratory and alveolar air. The amount of body fat was estimated by an anthropometric method. The concentration of styrene in subcutaneous adipose tissue was determined by gas chromatography after needle biopsy before and after the workshift on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. The time-weighted average of the concentration of styrene in inspiratory air during the work week was 32-85 mg/m s , Le., below half of the Swedish threshold limit value (210 mg/m 3 ). The mean daily uptake in the organism was 193-558 mg. On Monday morning the concentration of styrene in adipose tissue was 2.8-8.1 mg/kg and on Friday afternoon 4.7-11.6 mg/kg. The concentrations were higher in the two subjects with a higher exposure of longer duration, as compared to the concentrations in the recently employed subject, who was exposed to lower concentrations in inspiratory air. Both of the two former subjects had a considerable estimated amount of body fat (27 and 41 kg). The calculated half-life of the concentration of styrene in adipose tissue after the end of exposure was 5.2 and 2.8 d for these two subjects. Therefore an elimination time of about five weeks is needed by the subject with the slowest elimination before the limit of detection (0.1 mg/kg) is reached.
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