Discoloration are symptoms of skin aging. They are connected with presence of melanin and lipofuscin, whose excess and abnormal distribution in the skin cause dark spots to appear. Melanin is formed under the influence of tyrosinase during melanogenesis. Its content changes with age, which may be a result of menopause. Lipofuscin is another example of the age pigment. It is composed of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. It is described as an age pigment because its content increases with age. The formation and accumulation of lipofuscin is inevitable and leads to cell and homeostasis dysfunction because it reduces the proteasome activity.
Introduction: Langerhans cells (LCs) constitute a key component of the skin immune system (SIS Novocastra).
Results: The number of LCs in the study group was lower in lesional skin compared to perilesional skin. After phototherapy we observed an increase in the number of LCs in lesional skin while a decrease of the LCs number was noted in perilesional skin
Research on penetration of ultraviolet (UV) radiation into human skin shows that about 20% of UVA and 10% of UVB can reach the basal layer of the epidermis. As a consequence, Langerhans cells (LCs), located in suprabasal layers, are subject to the influence of the two types of UV radiation. This phenomenon leads to quantitative and qualitative alterations in LCs, including reduction in their number in the epidermis and modifications in morphology and immune functions. Studies show that two mechanisms may be responsible for their depletion from epidermis, namely, migration to the lymph nodes or induction of cell necrosis or apoptosis. UV radiation also affects the phenotype of LCs and their functions as antigen presenting cells. In recent years, the role of LCs in the UV-dependent immunosuppression and immune tolerance has been emphasized. The aim of the study is to review the literature about the influence of ultraviolet radiation on Langerhans cells.
Background: Rapid increase in demand for fast, effective and painless cosmetic procedures has inspired the pursue for the ideal method of anesthesia. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of different types of topical anesthetics most commonly utilized in dermatological procedures: EMLA cream, BLT cream, infraorbital nerve blocks with 2% lidocaine with epinephrine. Material and Methods: The study involved 12 patients with scheduled painful dermatological procedures intended to improve their facial and neck skin. Pain intensity was measured using 0-10 numeric scale (10 being the worst imaginable pain and 0 no pain). Patients were asked to assess their pain levels during fractionated CO2 laser treatment of the face. Results: Results demonstrated that patients subjected to treatment with the use of anesthetic EMLA and BLT creams still feel a considerable level of pain during the performed dermocosmetic procedures. Similar pain level concerned the group anesthetized with the infraorbital nerve block injection. Conclusion: Finding the ideal topical anesthetic is one of the greatest challenges of present-day cosmetic dermatology. The most desired method of anesthesia in this context would have to be easy to apply, display high clinical effectiveness over a short time period, be able to exert numbing effect on intact skin without systemic effects, cause nominal pain or discomfort during treatment with minimal to no side effects. According to the results of the reported study, the most effective method of anesthesia was proved to be the triple anesthesia involving of a combination of a painkiller drug, EMLA cream and infraorbital nerve block.
The treatment with itraconazole had a beneficial effect on the clinical condition of the skin of the patients. IFN-γ is a cytokine whose secretion might affect the condition of the skin in seborrheic dermatitis.
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