Local Xylocarpus granatum leaves were extracted by ethyl acetate solvent and characterized by TLC fingerprinting and 2D 1H NMR spectroscopy to contain phenolic compounds as well as several organic and amino acids as metabolic byproducts, such as succinic acid and acetic acid. Traces of flavonoids and other non-categorized phenolic compounds exhibited intermediate antioxidant activity (antioxidant IC50 84.93 ppm) as well as anticancer activity against HeLa, T47D, and HT-29 cell lines; which the latter being most effective against HT-29 with Fraction 5 contained the strongest activity (anticancer IC50 23.12 ppm). Extracts also behaved as a natural growth factor and nonlethal towards brine shrimps as well as human adipose-derived stem cell hADSC due to antioxidative properties. A stability test was performed to examine how storage conditions factored in bioactivity and phytochemical structure. Extracts were compared with several studies about X. granatum leaves extracts to evaluate how ethnogeography and ecosystem factored on biologically active compounds. Further research on anticancer or antioxidant mechanism on cancer cells is needed to determine whether the extract is suitable as a candidate for an anticancer drug.

Background: Nowadays, pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is still a major global cause of death. Indonesia is a country with a high burden of the disease and is ranked second as a contributor to tuberculosis in the world after India, China, the Philippines, and Pakistan [1] along with the phenomenon of deforestation [2] and global warming [3]. Forest restoration and reforestation are considered costeffective nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation and mitigation to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, provide habitat for species and balance temperatures.Methods: There is no research data on the contribution of the economic value of reforestation to reduce the incidence rate of infectious diseases especially for TB, which is very important for mitigating against the global warming. This research was conducted to determine the economic value of ecosystem services as compensation for the reforestation program. This research was carried out in Lampung

Background: Cigarette smoke is free radical that causing some pathological conditions such as inflammation, proteolysis, and oxidative stress. In previous studies, mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata) bark extract showed the potential effect as an antioxidant. Mangrove and mangrove associates are abundant plants that grow throughout Indonesian shorelines that have high pharmaceutical and food values.Objective: The purpose of this study is to explore the potential of Rhizophora apiculata bark extract in protecting pancreas of male white rat (Rattus novergicus) Sprague Dawley strain exposed to cigarette smoke.Methods: This research was an experimental study using a posttest-only control group design. Mangrove bark was extracted by using the maceration method. Cigarette smoke exposure was performed using an electric cigarette. Liver inflammation is assessed histopathologically.Results: Significant results (p <0.05) were found between the control and cigarette groups as well as the cigarette and bark extract + control groups. The results were not significant (p> 0.05) between the control and the bark extract + cigarette.Conclusion : The administration of mangrove bark extract has a potential to protect the damage of pancreatic male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) Sprague Dawley strains exposed to cigarette smoke

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Introduction: Medicinal plants have been investigated for possible anti-cancer effects. One of them is Gnetum gnemon L (melinjo). This study aims determined in vitro antioxidant activity and the cytotoxic effects of polar, semipolar and non polar melinjo seed fractions againts HeLa cell line. Methods: The melinjo seed were extracted with ethanol as a solvent. Then, the fractionation was done using liquidliquid extraction method with three different polarity solvent. Cytotoxic activity was carried out using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay in HeLa cell lines at concentrations ranging from 25 to 400 μg/mL. Antioxidant activity was determined by the diphenyl picryl hidrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging method. Results: Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of phyto-constituents like flavonoids, terpenoid and tanin. The DPPH scavenging activity by the melinjo seed aqueous, ethyl acetate and N-hexane fraction was 733,12 ± 18,95 μg/mL; 68,40 ± 1,9 μg/mL and 2035,70 ± 65,59 μg/mL, respectively. The cytotoxic activity of the melinjo seed fractions showed that the ethyl acetate was the most active fraction against HeLa cell line with IC 50 value 45,27 μg/mL. Conclusion: In this study, we have observed that the melinjo seed fractions exhibited antioxidant and cytotoxic activity against HeLa cell lines. This is presumably due to the content of phytochemicals and stilbenoids such as resveratrol and gnetin C. Melinjo seeds are more potent as anticancer Compared with other plants that also contain RSV such as grape extract (Vitis vinifera L.) against lung cancer cells (A549). From the three fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest antioxidant and cytotoxic effect compared to the water and n-hexane fractions. Gnetum gnemon L. can be considered as a potential source of anticancer agents. However, more research is needed to determine the mechanism of action.