This chapter presents a summary of major applications in numerical oil spill predictions for the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Since the trilateral agreement between Cyprus, Egypt, and Israel back in 1997, under the framework of the subregional contingency plan for preparedness and response to major oil spill pollution incidents in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, several oil spill models have been implemented during real oil pollution accidents and after oil spills that were detected from satellite remote sensing SAR data. In addition, several projects cofinanced by the European Commission addressed particularly issues with oil spill
Abstract. There is a general scarcity of oceanic observations that concurrently examine air–sea interactions, coastal–open-ocean processes and physical–biogeochemical processes, in appropriate spatiotemporal scales and under continuous, long-term data acquisition schemes. In the Mediterranean Sea, the resulting knowledge gaps and observing challenges increase due to its oligotrophic character, especially in the eastern part of the basin. The oligotrophic open Cretan Sea's biogeochemistry is considered to be representative of a greater Mediterranean area up to 106 km2, and understanding its features may be useful on even larger oceanic scales, since the Mediterranean Sea has been considered a miniature model of the global ocean. The spatiotemporal coverage of biogeochemical (BGC) observations in the Cretan Sea has progressively increased over the last decades, especially since the creation of the POSEIDON observing system, which has adopted a multiplatform, multivariable approach, supporting BGC data acquisition. The current POSEIDON system's status includes open and coastal sea fixed platforms, a Ferrybox (FB) system and Bio-Argo autonomous floats that remotely deliver fluorescence as a proxy of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), O2, pH and pCO2 data, as well as BGC-related physical variables. Since 2010, the list has been further expanded to other BGC (nutrients, vertical particulate matter fluxes), ecosystem and biodiversity (from viruses up to zooplankton) variables, thanks to the addition of sediment traps, frequent research vessel (R/V) visits for seawater–plankton sampling and an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) delivering information on macrozooplankton–micronekton vertical migration (in the epipelagic to mesopelagic layer). Gliders and drifters are the new (currently under integration to the existing system) platforms, supporting BGC monitoring. Land-based facilities, such as data centres, technical support infrastructure, calibration laboratory and mesocosms, support and give added value to the observatory. The data gathered from these platforms are used to improve the quality of the BGC-ecosystem model predictions, which have recently incorporated atmospheric nutrient deposition processes and assimilation of satellite Chl-a data. Besides addressing open scientific questions at regional and international levels, examples of which are presented, the observatory provides user-oriented services to marine policy makers and the society, and is a technological test bed for new and/or cost-efficient BGC sensor technology and marine equipment. It is part of European and international observing programs, playing a key role in regional data handling and participating in harmonization and best practices procedures. Future expansion plans consider the evolving scientific and society priorities, balanced with sustainable management.
Research infrastructures have been established throughout Europe in order to create robust organizations that will facilitate and enhance research and innovation processes and will advance society with innovative products and services. The Hellenic Integrated Marine Observing, Forecasting and Technology System (component of HIMIOFoTS RI) has been implemented in the framework of the National Roadmap for Research Infrastructures to form a large-scale infrastructure for the marine environment in Greece. It links together ocean observing and forecasting systems, coastal zone monitoring and management practices, as well as ocean engineering testing facilities. The overarching framework of the system supports the coordination of five organizations with expertise in the field of marine science and technology, the central management of research activities, and the common development of services and products. It comprises facilities and resources while it provides open access to research communities (academia, industry) to support the scientific advancements and innovation in their fields. The Hellenic Marine Observing, Forecasting and Technology System was further enhanced during its implementation through significant upgrades and developments in order to extend its observing capacity and the forecasting and technological abilities, while advancing the provided services and products.
Advanced marine observation infrastructures are the most significant scientific tool for the study of marine ecosystem trends and shifts. Ocean monitoring technologies, though highly demanding and expensive, are essential for the monitoring and long-term study of oceanic systems. The POSEIDON system for monitoring and forecasting the marine environment is an augmented research infrastructure, unique in the Eastern Mediterranean basin, contributing to the European Ocean Observing System implementation, focusing—among others—on biogeochemical observations and deep-sea ecosystem and geological processes. The technological evolution of the POSEIDON system through a science-coupled strategy supported by engineers and scientists, resulted in a state-of-the-art ocean observing system. There has been a continuous expansion of the infrastructure with new scientific platforms and supporting facilities. Innovative sensing technologies were introduced in the operational data acquisition and new methodologies and tools were developed to improve the system operations and efficiency. As a part of the scientific community of ocean observatories, POSEIDON contributes actively to the improving of the ocean observing. International access to engineering and field demonstrating services, data products and technology testing facilities has been offered to scientists and industry partners. POSEIDON is a widely recognizable international technology testing/demonstrating node specializing in marine technology providing high-level services.
Abstract. There is a general scarcity of oceanic observations that concurrently examine air-sea interactions, coastal-open ocean processes, and biogeochemical (BGC) parameters, in appropriate spatiotemporal scales, and under continuous, long-term data acquisition schemes. In the Mediterranean Sea, the resulting knowledge gaps and observing challenges increase, due to its oligotrophic character, especially in the eastern part of the basin. The 15 oligotrophic open Cretan Sea's biogeochemistry is considered to be representative of a greater Mediterranean area up to 10 6 km 2 , and understanding its features may be useful on even larger oceanic scales, since the Mediterranean Sea has been considered a miniature model of the global ocean. The spatiotemporal coverage of BGC observations in the Cretan Sea has progressively increased over the last decades, especially since the creation of the POSEIDON observing system, which has adopted a multiplatform-multiparameter approach, supporting BGC data acquisition. 20The current POSEIDON system's status includes open and coastal sea fixed platforms, a Ferrybox (FB) system, and Bio-Argo autonomous floats, that deliver remotely Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), O 2 , pH and pCO 2 data, as well as BGC-related physical parameters. Since 2010, the list has been further expanded to other BGC (nutrients, vertical particulate matter fluxes), ecosystem and biodiversity (from viruses up to zooplankton) parameters, thanks to the addition of sediment traps, frequent R/V visits for seawater-plankton sampling, and of an ADCP delivering 25 information on macrozooplankton-micronekton vertical migration (in the epi-, mesopelagic layer). Gliders and drifters are the new, currently under integration to the existing system, platforms, supporting BGC monitoring.Land-based facilities, such as data centers, technical support infrastructures, calibration laboratory, mesocosms, support and give added value to the observatory. The data gathered from these platforms are used to improve the quality of the BGC-ecosystem model predictions, which have recently incorporated atmospheric nutrient 30 deposition processes and assimilation of satellite Chl-a data. Besides addressing open scientific questions at regional and international level, examples of which are presented, the observatory provides user oriented services to marine policy-makers and the society, and is a technological test bed for new and/or cost-efficient BGC sensor technology and marine equipment. It is part of European and international observing programs, playing key role in regional data handling and participating in harmonization and best practices procedures. Future expansion plans 35 consider the evolving scientific and society priorities, balanced with sustainable management.Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-3 Manuscript under review for journal Ocean Sci. Discussion started: 6 February 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 International need for observatoriesOceans are complex dynamic systems embracing various physical...
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