Ocular and orbital inflammation may occur in patients with metastatic melanoma receiving ipilimumab, is frequently accompanied by other IRAEs, and resolves with corticosteroid treatment, often leaving no long-term sequelae.

Purpose-To determine if hyperreflective foci (HF) and macular thickness on spectral domain ocular coherence tomography (SD-OCT) are associated with lipid levels in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients.Methods-238 participants from four sites had fundus photographs and SD-OCT images graded for hard exudates (HE) and HF, respectively. Regression models were used to determine the association between serum lipid levels and (1) presence of HF and HE and (2) central subfield macular thickness (CSMT), central subfield macular volume (CSMV) and total macular volume (TMV).Results-All patients with HE on fundus photographs had corresponding HF on SD-OCT but 57% of patients with HF on OCT did not have HE detected in their fundus photographs. Presence of HF was associated with higher total cholesterol [(odds ratio (OR) = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.27, P = 0.03] and higher low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (OR = 1.17, This submission has not been published anywhere previously and is not simultaneously being considered for any other publication. HHS Public Access Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript 95% CI = 1.02-1.35, P = 0.02) in models adjusting for other risk factors. The TMV was also associated with higher total cholesterol (p = 0.009) and triglyceride (p = 0.02) levels after adjusting for other risk factors.Conclusion-Higher total and LDL cholesterol were associated with presence of HF on SD-OCT. TMV was associated with higher total cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Purpose To assess personal and demographic risk factors for proliferative diabetic retinopathy in African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Methods In this prospective, non-interventional, cross-sectional case-control study, 380 African Americans with type 2 diabetes were enrolled. Participants were recruited prospectively and had to have either; 1) absence of diabetic retinopathy after ≥10 years of type 2 diabetes or, 2) presence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy when enrolled. Dilated, 7-field fundus photographs were graded using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study scale. Covariates including hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), blood pressure, height, weight and waist circumference were collected prospectively. Multivariate regression models adjusted for age, sex and site were constructed to assess associations between risk factors and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Results Proliferative diabetic retinopathy was associated with longer duration of diabetes (odds ratio, OR, 1.62, P<0.001), higher systolic blood pressure (OR 1.65, P<0.001) and insulin use (OR 6.65, P<0.001) in the multivariate regression analysis. HbA1C was associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the univariate analysis (OR 1.31, P=0.002) but was no longer significant in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions In this case-control study of African Americans with type 2 diabetes, duration of diabetes, systolic hypertension and insulin use were strong risk factors for the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Interestingly, HbA1C did not confer additional risk in this cohort.

Purpose. To evaluate the visual outcomes and effect of phacoemulsification surgery on the progression of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods. Retrospective, noncomparative, and interventional case series. Thirty eyes from 29 subjects with neovascular AMD treated with intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections who underwent phacoemulsification and had a postsurgery follow-up of 6 months were included. LogMAR best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was assessed preoperatively; 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively; and finally at the last visit. The frequency of anti-VEGF therapy, calculated as the number of intravitreal injections per month, and central macular thickness (CMT) before and after cataract surgery were determined. Results. Median (range) logMAR BCVA was 0.69 (0.16 to 1.32) preoperatively; 0.55 (−0.04 to 1.32) at 1 month, 0.52 (−0.1 to 1.32) at 3 months, and 0.50 (0.0 to 1.32) at 6 months postoperatively; and 0.6 (0.0 to 1.4) at final visit (P = 0.0011). There was no difference in the frequency of anti-VEGF injections between the immediate 6 months before and after phacoemulsification, which was equal to 0.1667 injections per month (P = 0.6377). Median CMT measured 203 μm preoperatively, which temporarily increased to 238 μm at 1 month after surgery (P = 0.0093) and then spontaneously returned to baseline, measuring 212.5 μm at 3 months postoperatively (P = 0.3811). Conclusion. Phacoemulsification surgery significantly improved vision in patients with neovascular AMD, with no increased need for anti-VEGF injections to keep the macula dry postoperatively.

Although ritonavir-associated retinal toxicity is clinically uncommon, the clinical features of our findings support this diagnosis. Consideration of highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated retinal toxicity should be given to the differential diagnosis in HIV-positive patients with retinopathy of unclear etiology. This report also highlights the need for constant monitoring of patients using the ritonavir for early detection of possible retinal toxicity.

Tissue plasminogen activator and C3F8, combined with intravitreal ranibizumab or photodynamic therapy, may result in anatomical clearance of submacular hemorrhage and improved visual acuity, in a condition with an otherwise poor visual prognosis.

Moyamoya-related ocular ischemic syndrome can present as retinal vascular leakage and macular edema. Ophthalmologists should be cognizant that signs of the disease may be first observed in the eye before manifestations in the cerebrovascular system.

No abstract