Disclaimer: This paper should not be reported as representing the views of the European Central Bank (ECB). The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the ECB.

OECD WORKING PAPERS ON INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENTare published on www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/working-papers.htm This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.

The build-up of risks in advanced economies has seen a lot of research efforts in the recent years, while similar research efforts on emerging economies have not been so strong and, when undertaken, have focused mostly on its international dimension. Simultaneously, the financial system of the emerging economies has substantially developed and deepened. In our paper, we construct an index of vulnerabilities in emerging countries, relying solely on data available at international organisations. We group indicators around four poles: valuation and risk appetite, imbalances in the non-financial sector, financial sector vulnerabilities, and global vulnerabilities. On purpose, we depart from early warning models or any other kind of complex econometric constructs. Simplicity and usability are the two key characteristics we have tried to embed into our index of vulnerabilities. We use the results to try to create a narrative of the evolution of vulnerabilities in emerging economies from 2005 to the third quarter of 2015, using innovative data visualisation tools as well as correlations and Granger causalities. We complement our analysis with a comparison between our index of vulnerabilities and the Credit-to-GDP gap.

This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. 2 | ECO/WKP(2020)21 CAPITAL FLOW DEFLECTION UNDER THE MAGNIFYING GLASS Unclassified OECD Working Papers should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Working Papers describe preliminary results or research in progress by the author(s) and are published to stimulate discussion on a broad range of issues on which the OECD works.

Testing the role of ideology on FOMC voting behavior The age of quantification is now full upon us. We are now armed with a bulging arsenal of techniques of quantitative analysis, and of a power-as compared to untrained common sense-comparable to the displacement of archers by cannon. (…) I am convinced that economics is finally at the threshold of its golden age.

This paper assembles a comprehensive sectoral capital flows dataset for 64 advanced and emerging economies from 2000-18, including direct, portfolio, and other investment to and from five sectors: namely, central banks (CB), general government (GG), banks (BKs), non-financial corporates (NFCs) and other financial corporates (OFCs). Using this data, the paper highlights the usefulness of a sectoral approach in assessing capital flow covariates, co-movements, and the effectiveness of capital controls. We show that 1) sectoral flows have varying sensitivities to measures of the global financial cycle and different cyclicality with respect to output growth; 2) co-movements in intra-sectoral resident and non-resident and co-movements with OFC sectoral flows explain a large part of the observed positive correlation between gross inflows and outflows; and, 3) sectorspecific tightening capital control measures appear effective in reducing the volume of flows to NFCs and OFCs.

Disclaimer: This paper should not be reported as representing the views of the European Central Bank (ECB). The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the ECB.

Leveraging on a new quarterly dataset of capital control adjustments, we find renewed evidence that the introduction or tightening of capital controls in one economy increases capital inflows to other similar borrowing economies, an effect often called capital flow deflection. However, not all flows are deflected alike. Capital flow deflection is primarily driven by portfolio investment and bank credit, and only controls targeting these types of flows generate this externality. Moreover, analysing bilateral capital flows in order to capture investing countries' characteristics, we find that capital controls tend to deflect flows from advanced economies' portfolio equity investors, while controls on bank‐related flows primarily deflects lending from emerging market banks.