Research on the geographical distribution of international portfolios has mainly focused on data aggregated to the country level. We exploit newly-available data that disaggregates the holders and issuers of international securities along sectoral lines. We find that patterns evident in the aggregate data do not uniformly apply across the various holding and issuing sectors, such that a full understanding of cross-border portfolio positions requires granular-level analysis.

OECD WORKING PAPERS ON INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENTare published on www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/working-papers.htm This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.

Prepared for the 25th NBER-TCER-CEPR Conference "International Finance in the Global Markets," Tokyo, December 16-17 2015. This research was enabled by grants from the Institute for New Economic Thinking and the Irish Research Council. We thank seminar participants at the NBER-TCER-CEPR conference for their comments. The views expressed in this paper are personal and do not represent the views of the Central Bank of Ireland or the eurosystem. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. At least one co-author has disclosed a financial relationship of potential relevance for this research. Further information is available online at http://www.nber.org/papers/w22466.ack NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.

This paper provides evidence that bilateral factors were relevant for the adjustment of bank assets before and during the Great Recession. This finding is consistent with the theory that monitoring costs or informational frictions can help explain the adjustment of bank assets at a bilateral country level. Distance is a particularly relevant friction, and has non-uniform effects for advanced and emerging hosts. If the assets are denominated in domestic rather than foreign currency, this can reduce the negative effect of distance on adjustment. Further we find that trade, colonial ties and the history of a position are important for the bilateral adjustment of bank assets.

This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. 2 | ECO/WKP(2020)21 CAPITAL FLOW DEFLECTION UNDER THE MAGNIFYING GLASS Unclassified OECD Working Papers should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Working Papers describe preliminary results or research in progress by the author(s) and are published to stimulate discussion on a broad range of issues on which the OECD works.

This paper provides robust evidence that the home country identity of a foreign-owned bank is an important consideration for credit growth. Among the set of foreign-owned banks we find significant differences in loan growth between banks from advanced than emerging source countries during the Global Financial Crisis. Further, we provide evidence that the regulatory framework prevailing in the home country is correlated with loan growth in the host economy. We show that foreign-owned banks from source countries with higher capital regulatory requirements were associated with significantly less loan growth pre-crisis, but provided a buffer during the crisis.JEL classification: F15, F30, G15, G21

In this paper, we empirically assess the importance of gravity-type variables and measures of macroeconomic and financial volatilities in explaining portfolio holdings denominated across the main global currencies: US dollar (USD), euro (EUR), Pound sterling (GBP), Japanese yen (JPY) and Swiss franc (CHF). Our findings underscore the importance of trade ties and membership of the euro area. We also find that international positions co-move with the level of macroeconomic and financial uncertainty. Importantly, we identify heterogeneous patterns at a currency level.

Leveraging on a new quarterly dataset of capital control adjustments, we find renewed evidence that the introduction or tightening of capital controls in one economy increases capital inflows to other similar borrowing economies, an effect often called capital flow deflection. However, not all flows are deflected alike. Capital flow deflection is primarily driven by portfolio investment and bank credit, and only controls targeting these types of flows generate this externality. Moreover, analysing bilateral capital flows in order to capture investing countries' characteristics, we find that capital controls tend to deflect flows from advanced economies' portfolio equity investors, while controls on bank‐related flows primarily deflects lending from emerging market banks.