No abstract

Intense pulsed light (IPL) devices have been shown to be highly effective for the skin rejuvenation. In our study, we try to elucidate effects of IPL in fibroblast proliferation, in gene expression, and in extracellular matrix protein production. 1BR3G human skin fibroblasts were used to test the effects of an IPL device (MiniSilk FT, Deka®). Fibroblasts were divided into three groups: group 1 was irradiated with filter 800-1200 nm (frequency 10 Hz, 15 s, fluence 60.1 J/cm) twice; group 2 was irradiated with filter 550-1200 nm (double pulse 5 ms + 5 ms, delay 10 ms, fluence 13 J/cm2) twice; and group 3 was irradiated with filter 550-1200 nm (frequency 10 Hz, 15 s, fluence 60.1 J/cm2) twice. To determine changes in gene expression, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for collagen types I and III and metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) were performed 48 h after irradiation. To determine changes in hyaluronic acid, versican, and decorin, mRNA and ELISA tests were performed after 48 h of treatment. In addition to this, a Picro-Sirius red staining for collagen was made. The study showed an increase of mRNA and hyaluronic acid, decorin, and versican production. With RT-PCR assays, an increase mRNA for collagen type I, type III, and MMP-1 was observed. Collagen and hyaluronic synthesis was increased in all groups with no differences among them, while decorin and versican synthesis was higher in those groups irradiated with 550-1200-nm filters with no dependence of type pulse or total energy dose. IPL applied in vitro cultured cells increases fibroblasts activity. Synthesis of extracellular proteins seems to be produced more specifically in determined wavelengths, which could demonstrate a biochemical mechanism light depending.

ic environment all of them improved, we can conclude that electrostatic charges but not electromagnetic ones are the main cause of SL.

Living conditions in Nazi concentration camps were harsh and inhumane, leading many prisoners to commit suicide. Sachsenhausen (Oranienburg, Germany) was a concentration camp that operated from 1936 to 1945. More than 200,000 people were detained there under Nazi rule. This study analyzes deaths classified as suicides by inmates in this camp, classified as homosexuals, both according to the surviving Nazi files. This collective was especially repressed by the Nazi authorities. Data was collected from the archives of Sachsenhausen Memorial and the International Tracing Service in Bad Arolsen. Original death certificates and autopsy reports were reviewed. Until the end of World War II, there are 14 death certificates which state “suicide” as cause of death of prisoners classified as homosexuals, all of them men aged between 23 and 59 years and of various religions and social strata. Based on a population of 1,200 prisoners classified as homosexuals, this allows us to calculate a suicide rate of 1,167/100,000 (over the period of eight years) for this population, a rate 10 times higher than for global inmates (111/100,000). However, our study has several limitations: not all suicides are registered; some murders were covered-up as suicides; most documents were lost during the war or destroyed by the Nazis when leaving the camps and not much data is available from other camps to compare. We conclude that committing suicides in Sachsenhausen was a common practice, although accurate data may be impossible to obtain.

No abstract

review of the literature demonstrates safety of same day combined treatments for rejuvenation, which improve clinical results, are more comfortable for patients have no loss of efficacy or other apparent adverse effect.

No abstract

Living conditions in concentration camps were harsh and often inhumane, leading many prisoners to commit suicide. We have reviewed this topic in Nazi concentration camps (KL), Soviet special camps, and gulags, providing some preliminary data for our research. Data show that the incidence of suicide in Nazi KL could be up to 30 times higher than the general population and was also much higher than in Soviet special camps (maybe due to more favorable conditions for prisoners and the abolishment of death penalty), while available data on Soviet gulags are contradictory. However, data interpretation is very controversial, because, for example, the Nazi KL authorities used to cover-up the murder victims as suicides. Most of the suicides were committed in the first years of imprisonment, and the method of suicide most commonly used was hanging, although other methods included cutting blood vessels, poisoning, contact with electrified wire, or starvation. It is possible to differentiate two behaviors when committing suicide; impulsive behavior (contact with electrified barbed wire fences) or premeditated suicide (hanging up or through poison). In Soviet special camps, possible motives for suicides could include feelings of guilt for crimes committed, fear of punishment, and a misguided understanding of honor on the eve of criminal trials. Self-destructive behaviors, such as self-mutilation in gulag camps or prisoners who let themselves die, have been widely reported. Committing suicide in concentration camps was a common practice, although precise data may be impossible to obtain.