In this crossover study comparing a single flipped classroom module with a standard lecture, we found mixed statistical results for performance measured by multiple-choice questions. As the differences were small, the flipped classroom and lecture were essentially equivalent.

Tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSCs) have been found in different anatomic locations and showed a promising regenerative potential. We identified a role of TSCs in the regulation of inflammation during healing of acute tendon injuries. Delivery of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) into full-transected rat patellar tendons significantly increased the number of CD146 + TSCs, leading to enhanced healing. In parallel, CTGF delivery significantly reduced the number of iNOS + M1 macrophages and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 at 2 d after surgery, with over 85%

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The experimental approach taken and challenges overcome in developing a high-purity production (>100 g) scale process for the telescoped synthesis of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin is outlined. The process was first optimized for each step sequentially with regard to purity and yield, with necessary process changes identified and implemented before scaling for longer runs. These changes included implementing a continuous liquid–liquid extraction (CLLE) step and eliminating and replacing the base 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]­undec-7-ene (DBU) initially used in the ring-closure step due to DBU plausibly forming a decomposition side product that negatively impacted the final product purity. Process conditions were scaled 1.5–2-fold in order to enable the ultimate project goal of producing enough crude ciprofloxacin within 24 h to manufacture 1000 250 mg tablets. Working toward this goal, several production-scale runs were carried out to assess the reproducibility and robustness of the finalized process conditions, with the first three steps being run continuously up to 22 h and the last two steps being run continuously up to 10 h. The end result is a process with a throughput of ∼29 g/h (∼700 g/24 h) with a crude product stream profile of 94 ± 2% and 34 ± 3 mg/mL after five chemical transformations across four reactors and one continuous CLLE unit operation with each intermediate step maintaining a purity >95% by HPLC.

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography with reflective photomasks continues to be a potential patterning technology for high volume manufacturing at the 7 nm technology node and beyond. EUV photomasks with alternative materials to the commonly used Mo/Si multilayer (ML) reflector and patterned Ta-based absorber (both of which are known to require shadow effect corrections and lead to large through-focus pattern placement errors) are being actively explored. Because the reflective bandwidth of a Ru/Si ML is significantly wider than the reflective bandwidth of a Mo/Si ML and the effective reflectance plane in Ru/Si is closer to the ML surface, Ru/Si ML coatings may be viable alternatives to the Mo/Si ML coatings that are commercially available today because they will lead to smaller mask 3D effects. In this paper, increases in the peak reflectivity and the reflective bandwidth of Ru/Si ML reflectors by using B 4 C interlayers to improve the Ru-Si interfaces are discussed. The conclusions of this paper are supported with the results of both experimental measurements and rigorous simulations.

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