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Objectives Image of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in TV shows and movies have been studied before. However, there is no study about image of ECT on YouTube as one of the most commonly used social media platforms for disseminating health information. Our study aims to study the image of ECT in YouTube videos. Methods Key word “Electroconvulsive therapy and ECT” were used to search on Youtube.com and only videos over 50,000 view counts and in English were selected. Above videos were reviewed by an ECT physician and were classified into neutral, negative, and positive groups based on the image of ECT. Results There were 41 YouTube videos selected based on the criteria as stated above, among which 14 were unrelated with ECT treatment, 8 were neutral, 9 were positive, and 10 were reflecting negative image about ECT. There was no significant difference among view counts of the positive, negative and neutral videos (χ2 = 2.746, P = 0.253). Furthermore, the most viewed 3 videos showed negative image of ECT. Additionally, only 6 videos showed the modified ECT and one showed both modified and nonmodified ECT. Conclusions This is the first study conducted on image of ECT in YouTube videos. We found the stigma against ECT may persist in digital video platforms, such as YouTube.

This clinical case report presents fixed orthodontic treatment of a patient with moderately crowded teeth. It was performed with a new technique called ‘discision’. Discision method that was described for the first time by the present authors yielded predictable outcomes, and orthodontic treatment was completed in a short period of time. The total duration of orthodontic treatment was 4 months. Class I molar and canine relationships were established at the end of the treatment. Moreover, crowding in the mandible and maxilla was corrected, and optimal overjet and overbite were established. No scar tissue was observed in any gingival region on which discision was performed. The discision technique was developed as a minimally invasive alternative method to piezocision technique, and the authors suggest that this new method yields good outcomes in achieving rapid tooth movement.

Objective The purpose of this study was to analyze facial soft tissue thickness and cranial skeletal transverse widths in adolescent subjects with different body mass index (BMI) percentiles. Methods The 80 subjects were divided into three groups according to BMI percentile: normal-weight, overweight, and obese adolescent subjects. Facial soft tissue linear and cranial skeletal transversal width measurements were performed on lateral and postero-anterior cephalometric radiographs. Results Glabella, nasion, pogonion, and gnathion soft tissue thicknesses were significantly different among normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects (p < 0.05). However, other facial soft tissue thickness parameters were not statistically significantly different among the groups (p > 0.05). Moreover, there were no significant differences in cranial skeletal transversal widths among groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion Nasion soft tissue thickness was thicker in overweight subjects; whereas, glabella, pogonion and gnathion soft tissue thickness was thicker in obese subjects. All measured cranial skeletal widths were similar in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects.

ÖZET: Lityunn monoterapisi alan bipolar bozukluk hastalarinda nnetabolik sendrom parametrelerinin yayginligi Amaf: Bipolar bozuklukta atipik antipsikotik, duygudurum düzenleyicileri ya da kombine ilaç kullanimi ve geçirilmij depresif dönemler metabolik sendromdan sorumlu tutulmaktadir. Lityum monoterapisinin kilo alimi ile ili;kili oldugunu bildiren yayinlar olmasina kar;in, metabolik sendrom ile ilijkisini arajtiran yayina rastlanmamijtir. Bu çalijmada, lityum monoterapisi alan, ötimik bipolar bozukluk hastalarinda metabolik sendrom yayginliginin ara^tirilmasi amaçlanmiçtir. Yöntem: Ötimik ve lityum monoterapisi altinda olan hastalarin Ocak 2009 ve Ocak 2011 tarihieri arasindaki dosya bilgileri taranmiçtir. NCEP ATP III ölcütlerine göre metabolik sendrom parametreleri olan; trigliserid, yiiksek dansiteli lipoprotein, açlik kan jekeri, bel çevresi ve tansiyon bilejenleri kaydedilmlçtir. En az uç aydir lityum monoterapisi kullanan hasta dosyalarinin verileri çali;maya alindi. Son uç ay içinde lityum di;inda bajka psikotrop ilaç kullanmij, ardindan lityum monoterapisine geçilmi; ya da beraberinde aikol madde kullaninni bildirilmi; hasta dosyalari çaliçma di^inda tutulmu^tur. Bulgular: Hastalarin ya; ortalamasi 40.47±11.41; kadinlarin yaj ortalamasi 41.84±12.49 ve erkekierin yas ortalamasi ise 38.88±9.61 (p=0.313) idi. Ilk atak tipine bakildigmda hastalarin 34'ü depresif, 29'u manik ve ikisinin karma atak ya;ami$ olduklari görüldü. Hastalarin hastalik siireleri 16.70±9.86 ve tedavi süreleri 16.67±9.90 yil idi. Hastalarin kullandigi ortalama lityum dozu 1160±274 mg/gün ve ortalama kan düzeyleri 0.761±0.141 mEq/l idi. Lityum kullanma süresi 156.29±117.53 hafta idi. Hastalarin ortalama BKl 27.67±4.47 kg/m' ve bel çevresi 87.72±12.48 cm idi ve cinsiyetler arasinda BKl ve bel çevresi bakimindan anlamli bir fark yoktu (p=0.173 ve p=0.434, sirasiyla). Ortalama açlik kan jekeri düzeyi 87.86±15.53 mg/dl, total kolesterol düzeyi 180.29±47.38 mg/dl; HDt düzeyi 38.81±8.62 mg/dl; trigliserid düzeyi 136.571108.08 mg/dl idi. Kesitsel olarak metabolik sendrom tani ölcütünü kar;ilayan hasta sayisi on idi. Bu on hastanm dokuzu kadin, biri erkekti (xM.841, p=0.028). Sonuç: Bipolar bozukluk olgularinda, lityum monoterapisi ile metabolik sendrom gelijme olasiligi diger tedavilere göre daha düjük gibi görünmektedir. Lityum monoterapisinin kilo alimina yol açabilecegi, yine de diabet mellitusu ve bipolar bozukiugu olan hastalarda kan jekeri açisindan olumiu olabilecegi düjünülebilir. Lityum monoterapisi ve metabolik sendrom arasindaki iliçkinin anla;ilabilmesi için detayli, ileriye dönük ve geni; örneklemli çalijmalargereklidir. Anahtar sözcükler: Abdominal obezite metabolik sendrom, lityum monoterapisi, vücut kitle indeksi Klinik Psikofarmakoloji BUIteni 2012;22(4):320-4 ABSTRACT:

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Aim: Oxidative stress is defined as exposure to excessive oxidants and/or decrease in antioxidant capacity. Several studies have shown the effects of free radicals and antioxidant defense systems in bipolar disorder. We aimed to investigate the role of thioredoxin (TRX), which is a novel oxidative stress marker in patients with bipolar disorder.Methods: Sixty-eight hospitalized bipolar patients who were in manic episode were included in the study. As a control group, 30 healthy people were elected. Two groups were formed. The first group consisted of patients who were undergoing electroconvulsive treatment + antipsychotic treatment (haloperidol+quetiapine) and members of the other group were taking only antipsychotic treatment. Plasma thioredoxin levels were measured before and after treatment.Results: Pretreatment plasma TRX levels of patients were significantly lower than the controls (P < 0.05). Comparing pre-and post-treatment plasma TRX levels of all patients, post-treatment plasma TRX levels were significantly lower than the pre-treatment plasma TRX levels (P < 0.05). When we compared TRX levels between the electroconvulsive treatment + antipsychotic treatment group and the antipsychotic treatment group (P > 0.05) and within groups (P > 0.05) we did not find any statistically significant difference. Conclusion:Oxidative balance is impaired in bipolar disorder manic episode in favor of the oxidants. Decreased plasma TRX levels in the manic episode probably mean that antioxidant capacity is decreased in the bipolar disorder patients in the manic episode. Further studies in euthymic and depressive states are also needed to gain more insight into the role of TRX in bipolar disorder.