Despite widespread traditional usage of Eryngium species in Anatolia (Turkey), only a limited number of scientific studies exists on E. kotschyi, an endemic species. Previously, extracts from E. campestre and E. kotschyi were reported to have significant anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro antiinflammatory, antioxidant, urease inhibitory activities of ethanol extracts of E. kotschyi and E. campestre var. virens roots as well as distilled water and ethanol extracts of E. kotschyi aerial parts. The NO and cytokine inhibitory effects were evaluated by Griess and ELISA assays. The antioxidant activities were tested on DPPH • , ABTS •+ and CUPRAC assays. The EtOH extract of E. kotschyi roots (EKr EtOH) and aerial parts (EKae EtOH) inhibited 50.08% and 41.52% of NO production at 100 µg/ml, respectively. The EtOH extract of the roots of E. campestre var. virens (ECr EtOH) and EKr EtOH provided 36.22% and 65.23% IL-6 inhibition and 44.24% and 56.84% IL-1α inhibition at 100 µg/ml. EKae EtOH exerted highest antioxidant activity on ABTS •+ (2.4±0.0005 µM trolox/mg extract) and CUPRAC (0.97±0.07 mM trolox/mg extract). This extract was also found the richest among all in terms of phenolics content (6.1±0.001 mg/GAE/g extract). EKr EtOH and ECr EtOH exhibited strongest DPPH • (IC50 = 1.132±0.057 mg/ml) radical scavenging and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (0.36±0.005 mM Fe2+/mg extract) activity respectively. The extracts exerted low urease inhibitory activity. Consequently, the results of this study might contribute to the elucidation of the mechanism of in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts.
Since biotransformation processes generally affect the biological activities of phytochemical compounds, bioavailability is one of the primary steps in determining the potency of the activity. Previous studies have shown that in vitro antioxidant capacity of phytochemicals cannot completely reflect real health benefits. Clematis species (Ranunculaceae) are used to eliminate the symptoms of many diseases including particularly in the treatment of rheumatic diseases in Turkey, however the number of studies conducted is limited. In the light of this information, the total phytochemical profile of the extract of aerial parts of C. viticella prepared with 80% methanol and the gastrointestinal digestion products and the antioxidant activity profile were evaluated by subjecting them to the in vitro simulation model of the human digestive tract in the study. It was observed that both total phytochemical content and antioxidant activity decreased after simulated human digestion. Moreover, this study was shown potential bioaccessibility and bioavailability of total phenol, phenolic acid, flavonoid, and saponin content found in the aerial parts of Clematis viticella were reduced. Consequently, these indicate that it can result from the complicated interaction of compounds in the plant matrix in an in vitro simulated human digestion.
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