With the advent of science and technology, agro-industrial wastes are converted into various value-added products to meet the demands of increasing population. In recent years, natural polymers have evoked tremendous interest due to easy conversion into value-added products. Apart from various natural polymers, pectin occupied a prominent place due to diverse pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications. Excess utilisation of pectin, the gap between production and demand is widening. To fulfil this gap various techniques are adopted for obtaining high yield pectin from various agro-industrial wastes. This chapter will be focusing on extraction and purification of pectin from various agro-industrial wastes, considered as main environmental pollutants.
Microbial extracellular enzymes occupied a prominent place in industrial sector due to their multifunctional ability. Extensive application of these, gap between production and demand is widening. In order to fulfil this gap, researchers focusing on various strain improvement methods such as recombinant and non-recombinant mutagenesis. In the present research work we made an attempt to screen high yielding industrial important extracellular alginase producing Bacillus tropicus CUIMW1718 strain by treating with inexpensive mutagens such as UV, EMS and EtBr. In this indigenous strain was subjected to Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, Ethidium bromide (EtBr), Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis, followed by cross mutation of Ultraviolet (UV) irradiated strain with Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) and Ethidium bromide (EtBr). High yielding mutant strains were selected based on zone of clearance.
The acrosomal SP-10 is a testis-specific protein that aids in the interaction between sperm and oocyte. The absence of SP-10 is believed to result in unsuccessful fertilization. The World Health Organization Taskforce on Contraceptive Vaccines declared SP-10 to be a potent primary vaccine candidate to raise an immune-contraceptive to overcome the challenges of current contraceptive methods. In the present work, I attempted to analyze the sequence-structure-function relationship of the Homo sapiens acrosomal protein SP-10 and respective animal homologs by adopting in-silico approaches. The human SP-10 protein was found to a stable protein with a molecular weight of 28 kDa. It is a hydrophilic and acidic protein with a pI of 4.73. The 3D structure of human SP-10 was established for the first time based on template-based modelling as the Protein Data Bank did not have structure for any of its homologs. The phi and psi residues angles of 96.4 % of the obtained structure landed in the most ideal regions of Ramachandran plot implicating a good quality structural model. The SP-10 showed high sequence conservation among all the animal homologs taken for the study. All the homologs of human SP-10 except for the Southern pig-tailed macaque possessed a conserved Ly-6/uPA receptor-like domain and a 12 amino acid pattern within the Ly-6/uPA receptor-like domain. The conserved amino acid pattern along with the whole protein sequence showed an antigenic property that can be used to develop the immuno-contraceptive against SP-10. The template-based model generated for SP-10 in this study can be utilized further for in-silico immunogenic studies in order to generate immune-contraceptive.
Agro-industrial wastes are at no cost and contain phenolic content; utilizing them in biodiesel production is a beneficial idea. Biodiesel is a choice of fossil fuels. It can be used in diesel engines alone or blended with diesel. In this study, we have chosen groundnut shells as Agro-industrial waste. Groundnut shells were chopped, dried, and ground into powder, and taken into acid pretreatment. After acid pretreatment, one sample was subjected to Ultrasonication, and then lipid contents were isolated using the modified Bligh and Dyer method. In the transesterification process, the lipids were turned into a product such as esters of fatty acids and glycerol in the presence of catalyst KOH and solvent methanol. The characterization and confirmation of esters of fatty acids were done by Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). This research mainly focuses on studying the effect of Ultrasonication in lipid extraction and encourages biodiesel production from groundnut shells
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