Neurodegeneration is an age-dependent progressive phenomenon with no defined cause. Aging is the main risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. During aging, activated microglia undergoes phenotypic alterations that can lead to neuroinflammation, which is well accepted event in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Several common mechanisms are shared by genetically or pathologically distinct neurodegenerative diseases, such as excitotoxicity, mitochondrial deficits and oxidative stress, protein misfolding and translational dysfunction, autophagy and microglia activation. Progressive loss of neuronal population due to increased oxidative stress leads to neurodegenerative diseases mostly due to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive neuroinflammatory responses are both sufficient to induce pathology in age-dependent neurodegeneration. Therefore, mitochondrial quality control is key determinant for the health and survival of neuronal cells in the brain. Research has been primarily focused to demonstrate the significance of neuronal mitochondrial health, despite the important contributions of non-neuronal cells that constitutes significant portion of the brain volume. Moreover, mitochondrial morphology and function are distinctly diverse in different tissues; however, little is known about their molecular diversity among cell types. Mitochondrial dynamics and quality in different cell types markedly decides the fate of overall brain health, therefore it is not justifiable to overlook non-neuronal cells and their significant and active contribution in facilitating overall neuronal health. In this review article, we aim to discuss the mitochondrial quality control of different cell types in the brain and how important and remarkable is the diversity and highly synchronized connecting property of non-neuronal cells in keeping the neurons healthy to control neurodegeneration.
Agro-industrial wastes are at no cost and contain phenolic content; utilizing them in biodiesel production is a beneficial idea. Biodiesel is a choice of fossil fuels. It can be used in diesel engines alone or blended with diesel. In this study, we have chosen groundnut shells as Agro-industrial waste. Groundnut shells were chopped, dried, and ground into powder, and taken into acid pretreatment. After acid pretreatment, one sample was subjected to Ultrasonication, and then lipid contents were isolated using the modified Bligh and Dyer method. In the transesterification process, the lipids were turned into a product such as esters of fatty acids and glycerol in the presence of catalyst KOH and solvent methanol. The characterization and confirmation of esters of fatty acids were done by Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). This research mainly focuses on studying the effect of Ultrasonication in lipid extraction and encourages biodiesel production from groundnut shells
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.