Objective: To assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on learning of undergraduate medical students ofKarachi. Study Design: A cross-sectional, observational study. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at conducted at the different public and private medicalcolleges, Karachi, from Mar to Apr 2020. Methodology: Google survey form based cross-sectional study conducted at the different public and privatemedical colleges, Karachi from March till April 2020. Non-probability consecutive sampling technique was used.This questionnaire consisted of 13 items which focused on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the learning ofundergraduate medical students from Karachi. Results: The study was conducted on 110 undergraduate students. Out of which, majority of the participantswere from third year 45 (41%) and second year of MBBS 25 (23%). It was found that almost 71% of the undergraduate students had less likely to remember and understand material taught in online class and 60% had less likely to get answers to their queries as compared to regular classes. The results also showed that 49% of the undergraduate students were disturbed by technical issues during online classes. Furthermore, it was also found that learning of 54 out of 110 undergraduate students was always affected due to loss of clinical rotations. Strong association were also found in between online satisfaction and stressful condition due to online classes. Conclusion: It was concluded that COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected the learning of the undergraduatemedical students and have negatively impacted their satisfaction level towards their studies.
Objective: To determine the frequency of malocclusion features, convex facial profile and non-nutritive sucking habits among children with and without early weaning. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Institute of Child Health, Karachi, from June to December 2020, and comprised of either gender aged 3-6 years. The subjects were clinically examined, and details of lactation period, bottle feeding, thumb and pacifiers sucking were gathered from the parents to assess association with malocclusion. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Results: Of the 180 subjects, 100(55.5%) were boys and 80(45.5%) were girls. There was significant association of early weaning with non-nutritive sucking habits, absent primate spaces, deviated midlines, and complete overbite (p<0.05). Breastfeeding <2 years was significantly associated with anterior crossbite (p<0.05). Early weaning had no association with convex facial profile, distoclusion, anterior and posterior crossbite and increased overjet (p>0.05). Non-nutritive sucking habits had significant relationship with deviated dental midlines (p>0.05). Conclusion: Early weaning was found to be a factor in establishing non-nutritive sucking habits, and was strongly associated with crowding, disturbed vertical overlapping of incisors and developing decreased facial height. Breastfeeding for less than the recommended duration had a tendency to lead to anterior cross-bite. Key Words: Weaning, Non-nutritive sucking habits, Malocclusion, Crowding, Overbite.
Objectives: To determine the frequency of congenital cardiac anomalies in patients with anorectal malformations. Study Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Period: Jan 2018 to June 2018. Material & Methods: All patients from 0 to 30 days of life both males and females (Inclusion criteria) with diagnosed anorectal malformation on clinical and radiological assessment, underwent cardiovascular work up to identify any cardiovascular disease. Patients with intersex disorders and those operated elsewhere were excluded. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for age. Frequency and percentage were calculated for gender, type of anorectal malformation, genital ambiguity, previous surgical intervention and congenital cardiac anomalies. Data was stratified for age, gender, lesion level, genital ambiguity and previous surgery to see the effect modification. Results: Out of 90 patients with anorectal malformation, there were 49 (54%) males and 41 (46%) females (M: F;1:1.19). with mean age of 7.65 ± 2.43 days. There were 39 (43.34%) patients with low anorectal malformation and 51 (56.67%) patients with high anorectal malformation. Genital ambiguity and previous surgical intervention was present in 8 (8.89%) and 11 (12.23%) patients, respectively. Congenital Cardiac Anomalies were diagnosed in 16 (17.78%) patients with anorectal malformation. Congenital Cardiac Anomalies were mostly seen in age group 1-10 days (21.95%), male children (22.45%) and high anorectal malformation (23. 52%). Conclusion: The frequency of congenital cardiac anomalies in patients with anorectal malformations was found lower than local figures. The majority of congenital cardiac anomalies associated with high anorectal malformation and male gender.
Objective: To determine the awareness of regular orthodontic follow-up visits among the patients. The secondary objective was to assess patients’ perception towards orthodontic treatment needs and their psychological status during lockdown. Study Design and Setting: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Sindh Institute of Oral Health Sciences, (JSMU) from August, 2020 to January, 2021. Methodology: The questionnaire contained 15 questions divided into 3 categories. First category was about the awareness of routine checkup among patients Q1-Q5, second was to assess the impact of lockdown on patients’ visit to orthodontist Q6-Q12 and third was to assess the psycho-social effect of lockdown Q13-Q15. Three point likert scale was applied on each question with cut off value set as 70% for the 3 categories to get positive/negative response. SPSS version 22 was used for data entry and analyzing. Percentages and frequencies were calculated for qualitative variables like age, gender and educational level. Chi-square test was applied on all the three categories keeping the p-value <0.05 as significant. Results: The study included 115 subjects comprising of 21(18.3%) males and 94(81.7%) females, aged 12-30 years with mean age 19.15±3.96. Out of 115 patients 47(40.9%) patients met the 70 % cut off criteria for category 1.Similarly, for category 2, 73(63.5%) patients met the 70% cut off value. For category 3, 7(6.1%) patients met the 70% cut off value. Statistically significant difference was found for category 1 with age, gender and educational level at p-value<0.05. Similarly, in category 3, only educational level showed statistically significant association. Conclusion: The patients were quite aware of the need to visit orthodontists for regular follow ups during their treatment. The psychological status of the patients was the prime concern of the orthodontists as they had not sought orthodontic help during this time.
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