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RESUMOObjetivou-se com este trabalho verificar o efeito da suplementação dietética de probiótico, prebiótico e simbiótico sobre o desempenho de leitões desmamados aos 23 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 96 leitões mestiços desmamados aos 23 dias de idade, com peso médio de 7,40 kg, utilizando-se um delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos, seis repetições e quatro leitões por unidade experimental, para se avaliar o desempenho durante o período de 35 dias. As dietas foram isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas, formuladas à base de milho, farelo de soja e leite em pó modificado, adicionadas de: antibiótico, probiótico, prebiótico ou simbiótico. As dietas foram formuladas para atender as exigências dos leitões segundo NRC (1998). Observou-se que os aditivos testados não influenciaram (P>0,05) o ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar. Conclui-se que a inclusão de probiótico, prebiótico ou simbiótico na alimentação de leitões desmamados aos 23 dias de idade proporcionou desempenho semelhante ao obtido com antibiótico.Termos para indexação: Probiótico, Prebiótico, Simbiótico, Leitões, Desempenho. ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic on the growth performance in the weanning piglets with 23 days old. A total of 96 weaned at 23 days old piglets, with the initial weight of 7.40 kg were distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments with six replicates and four pigs for experimental unit, to evaluate the performance during the period of 35 days. The diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal, modified dried milk, isoproteic and isocaloric to meet the nutritional needs of the piglets accord to NRC (1998). The 4 treatments were based on: addition of antibiotic; probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic as additive in the rations. It was observed that the tested additives had no influence (P > 0.05) on the weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion over all experimental period. In conclusion the addition of probiotic, prebiotic or symbiotic in the piglets rations weanning at 23 days old shown similar action to those obtained with antibiotic. INTRODUÇÃOO desmame precoce constitui uma prática muito importante na produção de suínos, principalmente levandose em consideração o fato de que a empresa suinícola visa o maior número de leitões desmamados/porca/ano, o que significa máxima produtividade.De acordo com Mahan (1991), o período inicial após o desmame tem se caracterizado por redução no desempenho dos animais. Fatores como a idade e peso ao desmame, estresse, baixo consumo de alimento, composição da dieta, imaturidade digestiva e fatores ambientais, estão incluídos entre as causas de redução do crescimento durante a 1ª semana após o desmame.Durante muitas décadas têm-se utilizado antibióticos em doses subterapêuticas na nutrição dos leitões, visando reduzir os efeitos negativos da desmama precoce, porém a utilização desses antibióticos vem sendo banida, principalmente pela União Européia e outros países, pois os consu...

-It was evaluated the effect of diets supplemented or not supplemented with ractopamine and digestible lysine on the performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. A total of 50 barrows and 50 gilts (90.2 kg ± 3.5 kg) were used. In the growth performance trial, a randomized block design was utilized in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of five levels of digestible lysine (0.68; 0.78; 0.88; 0.98 and 1.08%) and two levels of ractopamine (0 and 5 ppm), totaling ten diets and five replications. In a study of carcass characteristics, the same design and levels of lysine and ractopamine were used, but another factor (sex of animals-female and male) was included, totaling 20 treatments, each one with five replicates.Except for lysine daily intake, it was not observed effect of levels of digestible lysine. The supplementation with ractopamine improved daily weight gain and feed conversion but it did not affect the average feed intake. A greater loin depth and higher yield of carcass meat was obtained in gilts, regardless to supplementation with ractopamine, and also in the males fed ractopamine. The ractopamine improved the rib-eye area but it did not affect the yield and carcass length neither thickness of subcutaneous fat. The levels of digestible lysine did not affect carcass characteristics in either sex. It was found that sex had effect on backfat thickness, which was lower in the carcasses of gilts. The use of 5 ppm ractopamine improves animal performance and carcass characteristics of barrows. The level of 0.68% digestible lysine is sufficient for pigs of both sexes fed diets supplemented with or without ractopamine to show maximal performance and a good carcass composition.

RESUMO -Em experimentos de desempenho e metabolismo, avaliaram-se os efeitos do fornecimento de rações com níveis reduzidos de proteína bruta, cálcio e fósforo disponível sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça, o conteúdo de cinzas na tíbia, o balanço e a retenção de nitrogênio e fósforo de frangos de corte nos períodos de 8 a 21 e 8 a 35 dias de idade. Em cada uma destas fases no ensaio de desempenho, foram utilizadas 30 e 25 aves por unidade experimental e, no ensaio de metabolismo, cinco e três aves, respectivamente, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de rações com 21% proteína bruta sem fitase (controle), formuladas com níveis nutricionais recomendados nas tabelas brasileiras, e rações com 21, 20, 19 e 18% de proteína bruta com fitase (8 a 21 dias) e, no período de 8 a 35 dias, ração com 20% proteína bruta sem fitase (controle), e rações com 20, 19, 18 e 17% de proteína bruta, com fitase. Treatments consisted of diet with 21% crude protein without phytase (control), formulated with nutritional levels recommended on the Brazilian tables, and diets with 21, 20, 19 and 18% crude protein with phytase (8 to 21 days) and from 8 to 35 days, the control diet had 20% crude protein without phytase (control), and others diets with 20, 19, 18, 17% crude protein, with phytase.In the diets with phytase (80 g of Ronozyme NP(M) phytase per ton of diet), the level of available phosphorus was reduced in 0.15 and the calcium in 0.30 percentage points in relation to the control diet. No effect was observed with the reduction of nutrients on feed intake, weight gain, or feed conversion in either phase or for the study of carcass characteristics to the 35 days. However, higher abdominal fat percentage was observed when the broilers were fed diet with lower protein level. The excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus decreased when birds received diets with reduced levels of these nutrients. Ash percentage in the tibia was not influenced by treatments. It is possible to reduce protein level, available phosphorus, and calcium of the diets in up to 3, 0.15 and 0.30 percentage points when the diets are supplemented with phytase and amino acids, respectively.

Supplementation of 5 ppm of ractopamine, associated or not to feed restriction in diets with a high total lysine content (1.04%) was evaluated on performance and nitrogen balance. In experiment 1, 60 hybrid castrated male swine (76.2 ± 2.3 kg) were housed in pairs according to a randomized complete block design in a factorial treatment arrangement (2 ×2 + 1) with or without ractopamine supplementation, two forms of feeding, ad libitum and feed restriction with 1.04% lysine, and an additional treatment (control), with ad libitum feed without ractopamine with 0.8% lysine, amounting to five treatments and six replications. The final live weight, daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion for 28 days were evaluated. There were improvements in supplementation with ractopamine for final live weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion. The ad libitum feeding improved both final live weight and daily weight gain compared with ractopamine. Compared with the control, there was a decrease in feed conversion with ractopamine supplementation and improvement for final weight (FW) in the treatment with the ractopamine and ad libitum feed. In experiment 2, 30 hybrid castrated male swine (74.1 ± 2.5 kg) were housed in metabolism cages and fed the same experimental treatments to evaluate the percentages of absorbed nitrogen (Nabs), retained nitrogen (Nret), nitrogen retained from the absorbed nitrogen (Nret/Nabs) and the plasma urea concentration at 14 and 28 days. At 14 days, there was an increase in the Nret/Nabs and plasma urea concentration with ractopamine supplementation. Compared with the control, there was a decrease in the plasma urea concentration for feed restriction with ractopamine. At 28 days, there was an increase in the Nret/Nabs with ractopamine supplementation. Thus supplementation with 5 ppm ractopamine improved the performance and efficiency of swine nitrogen use. Feed restriction interfered negatively in weight gain, but it improved the efficiency of the nitrogen use of barrows.

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RESUMO -Este trabalho foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de óleo de soja sobre as perdas endógenas e a digestibilidade ileal aparente e verdadeira dos aminoácidos em dietas para suínos em crescimento. Foram testadas quatro dietas isoprotéicas, à base de milho e farelo de soja, formuladas segundo as exigências para essa fase e suplementadas com níveis crescentes de óleo de soja (0,0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5%) e 0,25% de óxido crômico como indicador de indigestibilidade. Dezesseis suínos canulados (cânula T simples), com 48,0 ± 6,0 kg, foram distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com base no peso dos animais. Não houve efeito dos níveis óleo de soja sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente de glutamato, glicina, arginina, alanina, prolina, tirosina, histidina e lisina. Observaram-se efeito linear da suplementação com níveis de óleo de soja nos coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente e verdadeira de serina e treonina e efeito quadrático da suplementação de óleo de soja sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente e verdadeira de valina, fenilalanina, total de aminoácidos não-essenciais e total de aminoácidos essenciais. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal verdadeira de arginina e tirosina também apresentaram efeito quadrático da suplementação de óleo de soja. Melhores valores de digestibilidade ileal aparente e verdadeira dos aminoácidos não-essenciais e essenciais são obtidos com adição de 2,8 a 3,0% de óleo de soja à dieta de suínos em crescimento. Palavras-chave: aminoácidos, digestibilidade ileal, metabolismo, nutriçãoIleal digestibility and endogenous losses of amino acids in soybean oil diets to growing pigs ABSTRACT -The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the different levels of soybean oil on endogenous losses, apparent and true ileal digestibility of amino acids in growing pigs diets. Four isoprotein corn and soybean meal based diets meeting the nutritional requirements for this phase, supplemented with crescent levels of soybean oil, (0.0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5) were evaluated. Chromic oxide (0.25%) was added to serve as digestibility marker. Sixteen cannulated pigs (simple T-cannula), with weight of 48.0 ± 6.0 kg, were distributed to a complete randomized block design, based in the animal weight. There was no effect of the supplement of soybean oil levels on the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of glutamate, glycine, arginine, alanine, proline, tyrosine, histidine and lysine. A linear effect was observed with the supplementation of soybean oil levels to the true and apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of threonine and serine and a quadratic effect on the true and apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of valine, phenylalanine, total of non-essential amino acids and total of essential amino acids. True ileal digestibility coefficients of arginine and tyrosine, also showed quadratic effect of soybean oil supplementation. Better values of true and apparent ileal digestibility of essential and nonessential...

RESUMO. Objetiva-se com essa revisão apresentar formas adequadas de realizar o manejo pré-abate dos suínos, incluindo todo o manejo envolvido desde a propriedade, como coleta, carregamento e transporte, até o abate no frigorífico. Sabe-se que o manejo pré-abate é de suma importância na cadeia produtiva da suinocultura, visto que esta etapa tem influência direta na qualidade final da carne. Além disso, os consumidores vêm exigindo produtos de melhor qualidade e que não prejudiquem o meio ambiente, fazendo com que os produtores invistam em métodos que priorizem o bem-estar dos animais, mantendo sua saúde física e psicológica.