IntroductionThe 3-dimensional scaffold plays a key role in volume and quality of repair tissue in periodontal tissue engineering therapy. We fabricated a novel 3D collagen scaffold containing carbon-based 2-dimensional layered material, named graphene oxide (GO). The aim of this study was to characterize and assess GO scaffold for periodontal tissue healing of class II furcation defects in dog.Materials and methodsGO scaffolds were prepared by coating the surface of a 3D collagen sponge scaffold with GO dispersion. Scaffolds were characterized using cytotoxicity and tissue reactivity tests. In addition, GO scaffold was implanted into dog class II furcation defects and periodontal healing was investigated at 4 weeks postsurgery.ResultsGO scaffold exhibited low cytotoxicity and enhanced cellular ingrowth behavior and rat bone forming ability. In addition, GO scaffold stimulated healing of dog class II furcation defects. Periodontal attachment formation, including alveolar bone, periodontal ligament-like tissue, and cementum-like tissue, was significantly increased by GO scaffold implantation, compared with untreated scaffold.ConclusionThe results suggest that GO scaffold is biocompatible and possesses excellent bone and periodontal tissue formation ability. Therefore, GO scaffold would be beneficial for periodontal tissue engineering therapy.
Carbon-based nanomaterials are being investigated for biomedical applications. Graphene oxide (GO), a monolayer of carbon, holds promise as a tissue engineering substrate due to its unique physicochemical properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a GO coating on cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro. We also assessed the bioactivities of collagen scaffolds coated with different concentrations of GO in rats. The results showed that GO affects both cell proliferation and differentiation, and improves the properties of collagen scaffolds. Subcutaneous implant tests showed that low concentrations of GO scaffold enhances cell in-growth and is highly biodegradable, whereas high concentrations of GO coating resulted in adverse biological effects.Consequently, scaffolds modified with a suitable concentration of GO are useful as a bioactive material for tissue engineering.
Nanoparticle bioceramics have become anticipated for biomedical applications. Highly bioactive and biodegradable scaffolds would be developed using nanoparticles of -tricalcium phosphate ( -TCP). We prepared collagen scaffolds coated by nano--TCP and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and evaluated the effects on new bone augmentation and biodegradation. The collagen sponge was coated with the nano-TCP dispersion and freeze-dried. Scaffold was characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, compressive testing and cell seeding. Subsequently, the nano--TCP/collagen scaffold, collagen sponge, and each material loaded with FGF2 were implanted on rat cranial bone. As a control, no implantation was performed. Nano-TCP particles were found to be attached to the fibers of the collagen sponge by SEM and TEM observations. Scaffold coated with nano-TCP showed higher compressive strength and cytocompatibility. In histological evaluations at 10 days, inflammatory cells were rarely seen around the residual scaffold, suggesting that the nano-TCP material possesses good tissue compatibility. At 35 days, bone augmentation and scaffold degradation in histological samples receiving nano--TCP scaffold were significantly greater than those in the control. By loading of FGF2, advanced bone formation is facilitated, indicating that a combination with FGF2 would be effective for bone tissue engineering.
Three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds for supporting cell adhesion and growth play a vital role in tissue engineering applications. In the present study, three different collagen-based 3D sponges were functionalized by apatite coating. The sponges were coated with apatite on their outer and inner surfaces while retaining their interconnecting pores. To achieve this, we employed a vacuum degassing system in our plasma- and precursor-assisted biomimetic process using a supersaturated calcium phosphate solution. The resulting apatite-coated sponges (mineralized sponges) showed better cell adhesion properties in vitro for osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells compared to that of uncoated sponges. The three mineralized sponges were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Upon histological evaluation after 10 days, the mineralized sponges showed cell in-growth rates that were approximately 4-fold greater than those of the untreated sponges without any notable inflammatory reactions. As these sponges are composed of clinically approved collagen-based frameworks and possess a 3D porous structure with a mineralized surface appropriate for cell adhesion and internalization, further in vitro and in vivo studies should be conducted regarding tissue engineering applications.
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