O bóson de Higgs foi predito em 1964 pelo fsico britânico Peter Higgs. O Higgs representa a chave para explicar a origem da massa das outras partículas elementares da natureza. Entretanto, somente com a entrada em funcionamento do LHC, em 2008, houve condições tecnológicas para a procura pelo bóson de Higgs. Recentemente, num grande esforço internacional realizado no CERN, por meio dos experimentos ATLAS e CMS, foi observada uma nova partícula bosônica na região de 125 GeV. Neste artigo, por meio dos conhecidos mecanismos de quebra de simetria que ocorrem na teoria BCS da supercondutividade e na teoria do emparelhamento nuclear, discute-se o mecanismo de Higgs no modelo padrão. Enfim, apresentamos a situação atual da procura pelo bóson de Higgs e as teorias alternativas e extensões do modelo padrão para a fsica de partículas elementares.
We show that the locally constant force necessary to get a stable hyperbolic motion regime for classical charged point particles, actually, is a combination of an applied external force and of the electromagnetic radiation reaction force. It implies, as the strong Equivalence Principle is valid, that the passive gravitational mass of a charged point particle should be slight greater than its inertial mass. An interesting new feature that emerges from the unexpected behavior of the gravitational and inertial mass relation, for classical charged particles, at very strong gravitational field, is the existence of a critical, particle dependent, gravitational field value that signs the validity domain of the strong Equivalence Principle. For electron and proton, these critical field values are gc ≃ 4.8 × 10 31 m/s 2 and gc ≃ 8.8 × 10
ResumoThis work developed a numerical procedure for a system of partial differential equations (PDEs) describing the propagation of solitons in ideal optical fibers. The validation of the procedure was implemented from the numerical comparison between the known analytical solutions of the PDEs system and those obtained by using the numerical procedure developed. It was discovered that the procedure, based on the finite difference method and relaxation Gauss-Seidel method, was adequate in describing the propagation of soliton waves in ideals optical fibers. Key-words: Optical communication. Solitons. Finite differences. Relaxation Gauss-Seidel method. AbstractEste trabalho desenvolveu um procedimento numérico para um sistema de equações diferenciais parciais (EDP's) que descreve a propagação de sólitons em fibras óticas ideais. A validação do procedimento foi implementada a partir da comparação numérica entre as soluções analíticas conhecidas do sistema de EDP's e aquelas obtidas por meio do procedimento numérico desenvolvido. Verificou-se que o procedimento, baseado no método das diferenças finitas e no método de Gauss-Seidel com relaxação, mostrou-se adequado na descrição da propagação das ondas sólitons em fibras óticas ideais. Palavras-chave: Comunicação ótica. Sólitons. Diferenças finitas. Método de Gauss-Seidel com relaxação.
The propagation of soliton waves is simulated through splices in quadratic optical media, in which fluctuations of dielectric parameters occur. A new numerical scheme was developed to solve the complex system of partial differential equations (PDE) that describes the problem. Our numerical approach to solve the complex problem was based on the mathematical theory of Taylor series of complex functions. In this context, we adapted the Finite Difference Method (FDM) to approximate derivatives of complex functions and resolve the algebraic system, which results from the discretization, implicitly, by means of the relaxation Gauss-Seidel method. The mathematical modeling of local fluctuations of dielectric properties of optical media was performed by Gaussian functions. By simulating soliton wave propagation in optical fibers with Gaussian fluctuations in their dielectric properties, it was observed that the perturbed soliton numerical solution presented higher sensitivity to fluctuations in the dielectric parameter β, a measure of the nonlinearity intensity in the fiber. In order to verify whether the fluctuations of β parameter in the splices of the optical media generate unstable solitons, the propagation of a soliton wave, subject to this perturbation, was simulated for large time intervals. Considering various geometric configurations and intensities of the fluctuations of parameter β, it was found that the perturbed soliton wave stabilizes, i.e., the amplitude of the wave oscillations decreases as the values of propagation distance increases. Therefore, the propagation of perturbed soliton wave presents numerical stability when subjected to local Gaussian fluctuations (perturbations) of the dielectric parameters of the optical media.
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