The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of dietary patterns (DP) with maternal adiposity indicators, leptin, adiponectin and insulin concentrations during pregnancy. A prospective cohort of pregnant women followed up at the 5th-13th, 20th -26th and 30th-36th gestational weeks and 30-40 d postpartum was conducted in Rio de Janeiro. A FFQ was administered in the third trimester (30th-36th gestational weeks). The reduced rank regression procedure was used to identify DP that explain response variables (dietary fibre and total fat) related to indicators of maternal adiposity (postpartum weight retention and gestational weight gain (GWG) adequacy), and plasma leptin, adiponectin and insulin concentrations. The associations between tertiles of DP and the outcomes were determined using logistic regression or longitudinal linear mixed-effect regression models. The mean daily energy intake during pregnancy was 10 104 (sd 3234) kJ (2415 (sd 773) kcal), and GWG was 11·9 (sd 4·2) kg. In all, 40 % of women presented pre-gestational overweight/obesity. Excessive GWG occurred in 34·7 % of pregnant women and 56·6 % were overweight/obese at postpartum. The 'common-Brazilian' DP (characterised by higher intake of beans, rice and lower intake of fast food/snacks, candies/table sugar and processed meats/bacon) was positively associated with adiponectin (β=1·07; 95 % CI 0·17, 1·98). The 'Western' DP (characterised by higher intake of fast food/snacks and processed meat/bacon and lower intake of noodles/pasta/roots/tubers and sodas) was negatively associated with adiponectin (β=-1·11; 95 % CI -2·00, -0·22) and positively associated with leptin concentrations (β=64·9; 95 % CI 22·8, 107·0) throughout pregnancy. It may be suggested that the 'common-Brazilian' is a healthy DP and beneficial for serum concentrations of adiponectin and leptin.

This study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal association of vitamin D status with glycaemia, insulin, homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, adiponectin and leptin. A prospective cohort with 181 healthy, pregnant Brazilian women was followed at the 5th–13th, 20th–26th and 30th–36th gestational weeks. In this cohort, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) plasma concentrations were analysed using liquid chromatography–tandem MS. Vitamin D status was categorised as sufficient or insufficient using the Endocrine Society Practice Guidelines (≥75/<75 nmol/l) and the Institute of Medicine (≥50/<50 nmol/l) thresholds. Linear mixed-effect regression models were employed to evaluate the association between vitamin D status and each outcome, considering interaction terms between vitamin D status and gestational age (P<0·1). At baseline, 70·7 % of pregnant women had 25(OH)D levels <75 nmol/l and 16 % had levels <50 nmol/l. Women with sufficient vitamin D status at baseline, using both thresholds, presented lower glycaemia than those with insufficient 25(OH)D. Pregnant women with 25(OH)D concentrations <75 nmol/l showed lower insulin (β=−0·12; 95 % CI −0·251, 0·009;P=0·069) and adiponectin (β=−0·070; 95 % CI −0·150, 0·010;P=0·085) concentrations throughout pregnancy than those with 25(OH)D levels ≥75 nmol/l. Pregnant women with 25(OH)D <50 nmol/l at baseline presented significantly higher leptin concentrations than those with 25(OH)D levels ≥50 nmol/l (β=−0·253; 95 % CI −0·044, 0·550;P=0·095). The baseline status of vitamin D influences the biomarkers involved in glucose metabolism. Vitamin D-sufficient women at baseline had higher increases in insulin and adiponectin changes throughout gestation than those who were insufficient.

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Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare BMI and anthropometric indicators of abdominal obesity in Brazilian adolescents from public schools between 2003 and 2008. Design: A comparison of anthropometric indicators in adolescents was done based on two cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2003 (n 530) and in 2008 (n 498). BMI (5 weight/height 2 ), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were evaluated. The age-adjusted means were compared between the two studies by linear regression and the percentile values were compared by quantile regression. A P value ,0?05 was adopted for statistical significance. Setting: Metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Subjects: Two probabilistic samples of students aged 15-19 years old, from public schools.Results: There was a decrease in boys' mean WC (72?9 cm v. 70?9 cm, P 5 0?01) and an increase in girls' mean BMI (21?1 kg/m 2 v. 22?0 kg/m 2 , P 5 0?03). Among boys, the WC, HC and WHtR percentiles were lower whereas the WHR percentiles were higher in 2008 than in 2003. Among girls, the percentiles of all measures were higher in 2008, except for WHR. Conclusions: Anthropometric measures among boys tended to decrease, while among girls there was a tendency to increase from 2003 to 2008, indicating an important gender effect and a higher morbidity risk associated with excess body fat in girls. The school setting offers opportunities for interventions to address this situation.

Little valid information is available on human milk nutrient concentrations, especially for micronutrients (MN), and there are no valid Reference Values (RVs) across lactation. In this multi-center collaborative study, RVs will be established for human milk nutrients across the first 8.5 months postpartum. Well-nourished, unsupplemented women in Bangladesh, Brazil, Denmark, and The Gambia (n = 250/site) were recruited during the third trimester of pregnancy. Milk, blood, saliva, urine, and stool samples from mothers and their infants are collected identically at three visits (1–3.49, 3.5–5.99, 6.0–8.49 months postpartum). Milk analyses include macronutrients, selected vitamins, trace- elements and minerals, iodine, metabolomics, amino acids, human milk oligosaccharides, and bioactive peptides. We measure milk volume; maternal and infant diets, anthropometry, and morbidity; infant development, maternal genome, and the infant and maternal microbiome. RVs will be constructed based on methods for the WHO Child Growth Standards and the Intergrowth-21st Project. Clinical trials.gov registration number: NCT03254329.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as mudanças na prevalência do excesso de peso em adolescentes e sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas e insegurança alimentar em período de 5 anos. Foram realizados dois estudos transversais com 511 (2005) e 314 (2010) adolescentes de 12 a 18,9 anos residentes de Campos Elíseos (Duque de Caxias-RJ). Excesso de peso foi avaliado por meio do IMC (peso/estatura²). A insegurança alimentar foi investigada por meio da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA). Utilizou-se regressão logística para verificar a associação entre as mudanças temporais de excesso de peso segundo sexo, idade, cor da pele, e insegurança alimentar. Quanto à evolução do excesso de peso pode se notar que nos meninos houve aumento significativo para os mais novos (20,1% para 49,5%), os de cor preta ou parda (22,2% para 37,3%), os que tinham renda per capita de até ½ salário mínimo (13,6% para 32,5%) e os que apresentavam insegurança alimentar moderada e grave (9,2% para 36,3%) entre 2005 e 2010. Conclui-se que o aumento do excesso de peso foi expressivo nos adolescentes residentes em área de insegurança alimentar, e os meninos mais novos, pretos ou pardos, de menor renda e residentes em lares com insegurança alimentar moderada e grave estão mais expostos a este aumento.