The mosquitoes are a serious threat to public health, since they are known vectors of many life-threatening diseases. Mosquito-borne diseases cause millions of deaths worldwide every year. While mosquitoes are important to maintain ecosystems, the aim is to keep them out of our personal space. People looking for alternatives to synthetic mosquito repellents may find that some natural repellents are effective in protecting them from bites. Natural insect repellents use natural ingredients such essential oils and other plant-based elements. Certain essential oils are effective and helpful in repelling mosquitoes, and are a natural alternative to the harsh chemicals in commercial bug sprays. These products are also likely to be less toxic to humans and the environment. Natural repellents and some essential oils may be effective in keeping mosquitoes away because they block their sense of smell. Many natural scents that are appealing to humans actually repel mosquitoes. Plant - based repellents are becoming more widely used as a protecting measure against mosquito bites, but more research is needed to develop natural repellents in terms of improving their repellent efficiency as well as in terms of their safety for use. This article presents a review about the best essential oils used as green repellents against mosquito bites, their efficiency, development and testing.
In the modern society, the problem of the treatment of natural and wastewater resources and their management, is becoming very important. Of particular interest is the definition of adequate and sophisticated procedures for the treatment of natural and wastewater resources, regardless of whether the source of pollution is of geogenic or anthropogenic origin. Sustainable development of separation processes has recently been increasingly imposed by the need to develop modern, non-conventional bioseparation processes for the elimination of toxic metals from wastewater, by applying low cost unconventional sorbents. The purpose of this paper is to remove Mn (II) ions from aqueous solutions by applying a natural adsorbent (grape branches - agricultural waste). To accomplish the established goal, the experiments were carried out with model solutions with known initial concentrations of Mn(II) ions in a laboratory batch reactor, with the purpose of studying the effect of adsorption time on adsorbate concentration and on the adsorbed amount of Mn(II) ions. The raw material was characterized in terms of its chemical composition and particle size distribution. The obtained results were applied to model the adsorption equilibrium using several adsorption isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Langmuir-Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson, using the MATLAB/Curve fitting toolbox software package.
The availability of clean water is a challenge around the world. In recent decades, environmental pollution through the excessive discharge of organic and inorganic water in water contributes to large quantities of wastewater. These halts are a major threat to the surrounding ecosystem and human health if they are not treated before being discharged into the environment. Therefore, there is an increasing attraction for the development and improvement of more accessible methods for wastewater treatment. Today, the adsorption, as a method for purifying the waters from pollutants, is paid great attention because it represents a simple, efficient and economical method, which gives the opportunity to apply a large number of natural and synthetic adsorbents. In the group of natural adsorbents that are used to remove water from the water systems, there are more materials, such as: inorganic materials, activated carbon based on biomass, agricultural solid waste, biosorbents and microbial biomass.
In this article the possibility of removal of Mn (II)-ions from aqueous solutions with the use of grape branches as an adsorbent was investigated. For the realization of the set goal during the experimental investigations, the influence of the following operating parameters was examined: the initial concentration of Mn (II) ions in the solution (100-500 μg/dm3), the adsorption time (1-180 min) and the quantity of adsorbent (0.2-1 g), on the effect of the removal of Mn (II) ions and the adsorption capacity of the grape branches as an bisorbent. Experimental researches were carried out in batch laboratory conditions at room temperature (25 oC) and continuous mixing by magnetic stirrer at 600 rpm. Based on the obtained results, the equilibrium of the examined system Mn (II) - grape branches was analyzed, using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherms. By applying the MATLAB/Curve fitting Toolbox software, the equilibrium parameters for all applied adsorption systems are determined. The modeling of the kinetics of the process of removal of Mn (II) ions shown that the kinetic of the investigated system was defined by model of the pseudo-II order reaction.
In the last decade the application of membrane separation technology is more increasing. The membrane in water purification and wastewater treatment is essential separation process used for water reclamation. The production of new membrane types with different permeable characteristics and performances allows them to be fitted in different membrane modules that can be used in the membrane filtration. The water characteristics are important for the membrane performance. It can seriously affect the permeability characteristics and increase the fouling on the membrane surface. In wastewater treatment, the characteristics of the aqueous influent can reduce the permeability of the membrane and the process efficiency of the membrane bioreactor (MBR). The aim of this paper is to explore the effect of different aqueous solutions on membrane permeability using dead end filtration process. For this purpose, NaCl solution with different concentration were prepared and the effect of the concentration polarization on the membrane was observed. The constructed membrane module was also tested with real water sample and the membrane permeability was analyzed. In this experiment a polymeric membrane produced from polyether sulphonate (PES), with diameter of 5.0 cm and pore size of 0.04 µm was assembled in a constructed module for dead-end filtration. The module was constructed in a way that would allow turbulence of the solution on the membrane surface. The following working parameters were examined: transmembrane pressure (TMP), the types of solutions, the working temperature, and the influence of agitation on the feeding to the specific membrane flux and permeability. The results showed that the membrane permeability is affected by the water organic and inorganic constituents and in the process of design of membrane reactor for wastewater treatment, the water composition should be taken in consideration.
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