The aim of this study is to give information to readers about the importance of glutathione peroxidase. The physiopathology of most diseases is not fully elucidated currently; however, in many epidemiological studies, there are limited studies indicating the relationship between low levels of glutathione peroxidase status and the rise of cancer risk in many types of cancer. Anytime, situations in case of the distortion due to imbalance between enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants and oxidants which lost one of paired electrons in the atomic level mean reactive oxygen species (ROS) withal reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in favor of oxidants that are related to oxidative stress. The possible mechanisms of glutathione peroxidase have been reviewed using the major findings of more than 1000 papers related to the ROS, glutathione peroxidase, and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the occurrence and development of most diseases in both animal and human studies. Moreover, antioxidants have protective effects against nearly 50 disease pathogenesis. Oxidative stress, which occurs as an outcome of lipid peroxidation, concurrently may have a key importance in the phase of carcinogenesis occurring with a multistage course devoted to environmental toxicity and in cancer pathogenesis.

Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the oxidant-antioxidant status, endothelial dysfunction, lipid metabolism, and metabolic syndrome risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Materials and Methods. Forty-five obese (BMI >30 kg/m2) woman diagnosed with PCOS in the study, forty-five nonobese (BMI <30 kg/m2) PCOS diagnosis working groups, and forty-nine healthy control groups were created with patients. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels with antioxidant activities, such as SOD, GSH, GPx, and CAT activities, were measured by spectrophotometry. Results. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean serum MDA level in the obese PCOS group compared to the nonobese group and the control group ( p  < 0.001). When the antioxidant parameters, such as SOD, GPx, GSH, and CAT, were compared with the healthy control group, nonobese, and obese PCOS groups, the difference between the groups was statistically significant ( p  < 0.001). A positive correlation was observed between MDA and BMI, triglyceride, LDL, SBP, DBP, and HOMA-IR in the PCOS patient group. Conclusion. Oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant parameters in PCOS patients were correlated with hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia findings, and we think that this oxidative stress condition may contribute to metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases in PCOS patients.

In patients with laryngeal cancer, the oxidant/antioxidant balance shifted toward oxidative stress. In addition, following laryngectomies, laryngeal cancer patients had increases in serum antioxidant enzyme activities and decreases in oxidative stress markers.

Özet. Bu nitel araştırmanın amacı, Türkiye'de işitme engelli çocukların devam ettiği ilköğretim okullarındaki öğretmenlerin işitme engelli öğrencilerin okuma-yazma öğrenmeleri hakkındaki görüşleri ve önerilerinin belirlenmesidir. Sekiz öğretmenin katıldığı bu araştırmada veriler yarıyapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği ile toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler araştırma soruları dikkate alınarak betimsel olarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular sonucunda; işitme engelli çocukların okumayazmayı, normal gelişim gösteren çocukların geçtiği aşamalardan geçerek ancak bu aşamaları normal gelişim gösteren çocuklara göre daha geç sürede tamamlayarak öğrenebildikleri görüşü ortaya çıkmıştır. Elde edilen bu bulgular, öğretmenlerin gelişimsel görüşü desteklediklerini göstermektedir. Ayrıca öğretmenler, işitme engelli çocuklara okuma-yazma öğretiminde pek çok sorunla karşılaştıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Bu sorunların başında, okuma-yazma öğretiminde kullanılan araç-gereçlerin eksik ve yetersiz olması, öğrenciler arasında seviye farklılıklarının olması, okumayazma programının ve kitaplarının öğrencilerin düzeyine uygun olmaması, ailelerin okuma-yazma öğretiminde evde çocuklarını desteklememeleri, ailelerin çocuklarının engelini kabullenmemesi ve işitme engeli hakkında bilgi sahibi olmaması gelmektedir. Araştırma bulgularında öğretmenlerin okuma-yazma öğretiminde karşılaştıkları sorunların çözümüne yönelik pek çok öneri geliştirdikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Öneriler arasında ailelere eğitim verilmesi, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı'nın işitme engellilere uygun kitap ve program hazırlaması, üniversitelerin gerçeğe yakın ve uzun süreli uygulama eğitimi vermesi ve öğretmenlerin işitme engellilerin eğitimi hakkında sürekli bilgilendirilmesi yer almaktadır.Anahtar Sözcükler: İşitme engelli çocuklar, okuryazarlık, öğretmen görüşleri Abstract. The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify the opinions and suggestions of teachers of hearing impaired children working in elementary schools about hearing impaired children's literacy learning in Turkey. In this study, the data were mainly derived from semistructured interview technique. Eight teachers were the participants of the study. The data were analyzed descriptively concerning each research questions. The findings showed the teachers believed that similar to hearing children hearing-impaired children become developmentally literate. However, their becoming literate is considered as being delayed comparing to hearing children. They also expressed that there were various other problems that have impacts on the literacy teaching processes to hearing-impaired children. The lack of material and equipment in literacy instruction, various developmental differences among students, mismatches between student and book levels, the denial of impairment by the families and lack of knowledge of the families about the impairment were described as the major problems. On the other hand, the research findings showed that the teachers have provided many suggestions for the solution of the problems encountered in literacy...

Purinergic receptors, also known as purinoceptors, are a family of plasma membrane molecules found in many mammalian tissues. Purinergic receptors are transmembrane receptors consisting of two main categories. P1 receptors are stimulated by adenosine. Those that respond to extracellular nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP and UDP) are P2 receptors. The P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channels. The P1 and P2Y receptors are bound to the G protein. Both of these metabotropic receptors are distinguished by taking into account their reactivity to specific activators. P1 and P2Y receptors are widely distributed in the brain, heart, kidneys and adipose tissue.

Background/Aim: Anti-proliferative effects of vitamin D (VD) had been proposed previously. Herein, the authors aimed to evaluate serum 25(OH)VitD3 levels in women with endometrial polyps (EPs) and to determine whether VD deficiency is a risk factor for EP formation. Materials and Methods: This study was designed as a controlled cross-sectional study. Forty three women with polyps constituted the study group whereas 47 of them constituted the control group. The selection criteria for the study group were hysteroscopic detection and histological confirmation of EPs. The main parameters recorded for each woman were; age, body mass index (BMI), parity, smoking status, co-morbidities, dressing style, dairy intake of VD-rich foods, duration of sunlight exposure, skin photo-type, serum levels of 25(OH)VitD3, calcium, phosphor, and albumin. Results: The mean serum 25(OH)VitD3 level was 8.3±7.7 ng/ml in the study group and 9.3 ± 10.2 ng/ml in the control group (p = 0.583). Mean BMI was statistically significantly higher in the study group (p = 0.003). Logistic regression model showed that only significant risk factor for EPs was increased BMI (OR=1.241; 95% CI = 1.070-2.440; p = 0.004). Conclusion: VD deficiency is common among the reproductive age women and obesity is the most important risk factor for polyp formation. The authors believe that there is no relation between VD and EPs.