Glutathione Peroxidase in Health and Diseases

Abstract

The aim of this study is to give information to readers about the importance of glutathione peroxidase. The physiopathology of most diseases is not fully elucidated currently; however, in many epidemiological studies, there are limited studies indicating the relationship between low levels of glutathione peroxidase status and the rise of cancer risk in many types of cancer. Anytime, situations in case of the distortion due to imbalance between enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants and oxidants which lost one of paired electrons in the atomic level mean reactive oxygen species (ROS) withal reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in favor of oxidants that are related to oxidative stress. The possible mechanisms of glutathione peroxidase have been reviewed using the major findings of more than 1000 papers related to the ROS, glutathione peroxidase, and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the occurrence and development of most diseases in both animal and human studies. Moreover, antioxidants have protective effects against nearly 50 disease pathogenesis. Oxidative stress, which occurs as an outcome of lipid peroxidation, concurrently may have a key importance in the phase of carcinogenesis occurring with a multistage course devoted to environmental toxicity and in cancer pathogenesis.

Haloadaptative Responses of Aspergillus sydowii to Extreme Water Deprivation: Morphology, Compatible Solutes, and Oxidative Stress at NaCl Saturation

“…Our results suggest that the transcriptional reprogramming that occurred in EXF-12860 exposed at 5.13 M NaCl could have helped to overcome the imbalance between the cellular levels of oxidants (ROS) and antioxidants. In this context, catalases, superoxide dismutases, and glutathione reductases are enzymes with antioxidant effects that limit the damage of ROS [ 58 ]. Glutathione reductases and glutathione-S-transferases play a key role in the glutathione redox cycle keeping adequate levels of reduced glutathione to connect to different ROS detoxification metabolic pathways [ 59 , 60 ].…”

Anticryptosporidium Efficacy of Olea europaea and Ficus carica Leaves Extract in Immunocompromised Mice Associated with Biochemical Characters and Antioxidative System

“…Oxidative stress has an important role in inducing the occurrence and development of most diseases in both animal and human studies. Furthermore, antioxidants have important protective effects against nearly 50 pathogenic diseases [ 8 ]. In acute infection, oxidative stress and free radicals production occur as a result of glucose metabolization for energy production and parasite growth.…”

Clinical Outcomes after Oat Beta-Glucans Dietary Treatment in Gastritis Patients

“…This is confirmed by the fact that glutathione reductase activity is reduced, leading to a decreased amount of GSH from GSSG. As noted in some studies [ 35 , 36 ], pathological conditions such as inflammation and neoplasms lower GSH levels (and thus raise the GSSG/GSH ratio) of glutathione metabolism and it seems to be more folded up than expected. For example, the sustained constant activity of GPx does not guarantee a continuous concentration of both GSH and GSSG [ 37 ].…”