Background Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae represent the most relevant reservoir of resistance genes such as metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and AmpC genes that give them the undue advantage to resist antimicrobial onslaught. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of MBL (blaIMP-1, blaIMP-2, blaVIM-1, blaVIM-2) and AmpC (blaFOX, blaDHA, blaCMY, blaACC) resistance genes in aforementioned GNB collected from abattoir and poultry sources in Nigeria. Results In total, 370 isolates were collected from abattoir tables (n = 130), anal region of cows (n = 120), and the cloacae of poultry birds (n = 120). The test isolates showed high rate of resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems. The MBLs were phenotypically detected in 22 E. coli, 22 P. aeruginosa, and 18 K. pneumoniae isolates using combined disc test (CDT). However, only 11 E. coli, 24 P. aeruginosa, and 18 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were phenotypically confirmed to be AmpC producers using cefoxitin-cloxacillin double disk synergy test (CC-DDST). MBL encoding genes (particularly the blaIMP-1 genes and blaIMP-2 genes) were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 12 (54.6%) E. coli, 15 (83.3%) K. pneumoniae, and 16 (72.7%) P. aeruginosa isolates. AmpC genes (particularly the blaCMY genes and blaFOX genes) were found in a total of 5 (29.4%) E. coli isolates, 5 (27.8%) isolates of K. pneumoniae, and 10 (41.7%) isolates of P. aeruginosa. Conclusions Our study showed the circulation of MBL and AmpC genes in GNB from abattoir and poultry origin in Nigeria. Adoption of regular control policies is necessary to reduce the spread of these species as soon as possible, especially in poultry and slaughterhouses.
This study investigated the possible protective role of Nigella sativa oil (NSO), vitamin C, and E in one hundred and seventeen (117) aflatoxicoses induced neonatal wistar rats with Aflatoxin M1(AFM1), randomly divided into 13 groups of nine rats each (A-M) for 12 weeks. Group A served as control, while groups B, C, D, E received (9ng/l AFM1, 9ng/l AFM1 + Vit.C, +Vit.E, +NSO), groups F, G, H, I had (235 ng/l AFM1, 235 ng/l AFM1 + Vit.C, +Vit.E, +NSO) and groups J, K,L,M received (456ng/l AFM1, 456ng/l AFM1 + Vit.C, +Vit. E, + NSO). Rats were fasted overnight and anesthetized, cardiac blood was collected for the analysis of Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobins (HB), Red Blood Cells (RBC), White Blood Cells (WBC), and levels of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) The liver tissues were examined for histopathological changes. AFM1 concentrations significantly decreased blood levels and liver enzymes. Simultaneous supplementation with Nigella sativa oil, vitamin C, and E showed a significant increase in the PCV, HB, and RBC and a decrease in the WBC as well as the liver enzymes (ALT, ALP, and AST). NSO treatment restored blood loss and repaired damaged liver tissues irrespective of the AFM1 concentration administered, vitamin C and E restored changes only at low AFM1 concentrations.
Bacillus cereus is widely distributed in different food products and causes a variety of symptoms associated with food poisoning. Rice has been suggested as a vehicle for contamination and being involved in B. cereus intoxication. Based on the aforementioned risks, studies of Bacillus cereus incidence along with its isolation and characterization are essential to establishing the safety of cooked rice. Using the selective culture technique, pure isolates of Bacillus cereus strains were characterized and identified based on cultural, and biochemical features. Characterization was done on the ability of the bacterial strains to hydrolyse casein and starch, ferment lactose, and lyse red blood cells (haemolysis). Out of the 47 samples screened, 45 isolates were detected in 14 samples. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that all isolates showed resistance to Ampicillin (10 μg), but were susceptible to Erythromycin (15 μg), Vancomycin (30 μg), Tetracycline (30 μg), Ampicillin (10 μg), Gentamicin (10 μg), and Chloramphenicol (30 μg). 62.2%, 64.4%, 0% and 46.7% were capable of producing amylase, protease, ferment lactose and lyse red blood cells respectively. This study shows that 14 samples out of 47 samples of cooked rice in this work has the possible risk of foodborne infections/ intoxication that occurs as a result of the possibility of the development of B. cereus in favourable conditions and consumption of these products. Basically, prevention is by proper handling of raw materials, controlling the temperature of cooking and storing rice, and personal hygiene of food handlers.
Aim To investigate hand‐dug well water used for drinking and domestic purposes in a rural community in Southwest Nigeria for water safety and fungal presence as well as to determine the antifungal resistance and aflatoxigenic potentials of isolated fungi. Methods and Results Water samples were analysed for risk of contamination, bacteriological and mycological parameters using a standard sanitary survey checklist and microbiological culturing. Isolates were identified and subjected to antifungal resistance profiling using the diffusion method for susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi. Multidrug‐resistant strains were confirmed with DNA barcoding identification. Fungal isolates were screened for aflatoxigenic potentials by culture methods and confirmed by densitometric analysis. From the 23 hand‐dug wells assessed, 56.52% had a high risk of contamination (ROC) score, nitrate >50 mg/L (73.9%), and the presence of total coliforms (100%), Escherichia coli (43.48%) and fungi (91.3%). Spearman rank correlation coefficient gave a positive and strong correlation between Total Fungi and Faecal Coliform (r = 0.701; p = 0.016; n = 23) at 0.05 significance level (2‐tailed). Aspergillus sp. (34%), Penicillium sp. (18%) and Rhizopus sp. (17%) were the most dominant fungal genera. Isolates were resistant to fluconazole (76.19%), ketoconazole (73.80%), clotrimazole (92.86%), griseofulvin (88.09%) and nystatin (100%). Penicillium and Aspergillus (50%) were positive for cultural mycotoxin screening. A strain of antifungal‐resistant A. flavus produced aflatoxin B1 (752 ppb) and B2 (15 ppb). Significance of the study The existence of antifungal‐resistant and aflatoxigenic fungi in water used for drinking and domestic purposes shows that filamentous fungi constitute greater threats than previously recognized and this call for a paradigm shift from the perceived safety of untreated hand‐dug well‐water.
Food contamination with aflatoxin is more prevalent in tropical regions where environmental conditions such as high temperature and humidity prevail, which favour the growth of toxigenic fungiand accumulation of these toxins in food and feeds represent a major threat to human and animal health. In lieu of the previously known adsorbents, adsorption studies of Aflatoxin (AF) were performed using inexpensive, readily available and local adsorbents Imarsil and activated charcoal (AC). Fifteen edible oils were purchases from open markets in Nigeria and screened for aflatoxin using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Thirteen out of the fifteen vegetable oil samples were positive to aflatoxin at the following concentration(172, 123, 195, 142, 46, 107, 96, 116, 22, 33, 228, 17 and 4) ng/kg while two had no detectable AF. Atsix different concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3%) of Imarsil and activated charcoal (AC) with contact time of 1,2 and 3 h at room temperature (37 °C), the aflatoxin-adsorbing capabilities depend on the adsorbent concentrations and contact time. Imarsil demostrated 100 % adsorption efficiency within one hour. At AF contamination rates of 96–228 ng/kg, activated charcoal was not effective while Imarsil had 100 % removal efficiency within 3 h witha significant reduction (P<0.05) observed at the highest contamination rate and adsorbent concentration. AC demonstrated very mild adsorption activity. Results from this study indicated that Industrial incorporation of Imarsilinto the oil refining process would reduce greatly the menace of aflatoxicosis. Hence, the use of Imarsilshould be encouraged.
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