The purpose of this study was to compare 12 commonly‐used nonoverlap methods with each other and with the results of visual analysis. Data were obtained from 25 studies focused on embedded instruction and schema‐based instruction and included a total of 101 graphs. Treatment effect estimates using 12 nonoverlap methods were calculated for each graph by hand or using an online calculator. Five experts conducted visual analysis of each graph. Results showed that strong agreements existed between visual analysis and PND, TauNOVLAP and Tau‐U when raw data were analysed, and PND, PNCD and PEM‐T when categorised data were analysed. Of the 12 methods investigated, PND had the highest agreement rate with visual analysis, followed by PEM‐T, PAND, PNCD, IRD, NAP and TauNOVLAP. Overall, visual analysis appeared to be more conservative, as most nonoverlap methods overestimated the treatment effect. Additional research is needed to replicate and potentially validate the findings of this study.
This study aims to determine whether video prompting differs when provided on smartphone compared with tablet in terms of effectiveness and efficiency in teaching leisure skills to children with intellectual disabilities, which types of errors exhibited by participants and the opinions of the mothers on the social validity of the study. Four children with intellectual disabilities, aged 66-81 months participated in the study. An adapted alternating treatments design was used. Results show that video prompting was effective when provided via a smartphone and tablet on teaching leisure skills; however, video prompting presented through the smartphone was more effective than video prompting presented through tablet. There was no significant difference between the efficiency of VP provided on the smartphone and tablet in terms of number of sessions and errors; however, VP provided on the tablet was slightly more efficient in terms of total training time. In addition, the most common errors in probe sessions were sequence and duration errors.Tthe opinions of the participants' mothers regarding the social validity of the study were positive. Implications for future research are discussed.
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