Since the emergence of cities, their relationship with water resources has been evident, especially with rivers, which have been responsible for the growth and development of numerous cities throughout history. In this historical construction, the river-city relationship has faced ups and downs, and today it is a worrying and contradictory reality, where urban processes are characterized as one of the main causes of existing problems. Thus, the proposal of this research aims to understand the relationship between cities and the river, and for this, an object of study was selected - the Espinharas River, located in the city of Patos, in Paraíba. The method of analysis chosen was field research, aiming at loco visits, surveys, and the creation of conceptual maps, for the characterization of the riparian zones and understanding of their relationship with the city. As results and conclusions, it was verified that urban rivers face real problems due to urbanization processes, and that planning measures should be applied to obtain the re-establishment of the riveting that applies to the city of Patos and the Espinharas River, which are inserted in this context.
The form of the built environment, walkability, and society are directly related, being points that influence not only mobility but several structural areas of a city, ranging from its social dynamics as well as the health of individuals, local and global politics, economy, comfort, safety, the identity of spaces, attractiveness and several other influencing factors. The perception of passers-by is influenced by several aspects, such as lighting, sense of safety, the width of sidewalks, attractiveness of facades and of the public space itself, as well as the potential of the space to promote social interaction, which is one of the essential focuses of contemporary urban planning. This research has the general objective of listing the essential factors when analyzing the walkability of spaces, discussing the aspects of the form of the built environment that favors walkability, thus expressing concepts, indexes, methods, and studies that enable and contextualize pedestrian mobility and its relationship with users, urban form and its potentials. As a methodological contribution, bibliographic review research was used, using studies already done in the thematic axes to systematize and generate the result that meets the objectives of the work. Therefore, a dynamic portrait was obtained concerning walkability and its multisystemic relations with the city, as well as applications in techniques and methods of urban studies.
The urbanization process over the last 70 years has provided cities with a distance from their relationship with the natural elements that comprise their surroundings and urban formation. Highlights include urban rivers that have mainly been deteriorated and forgotten by the population. Rivers have always been linked to the history and development of cities, but this relationship has led to conflicts over the years, starting a process of degradation that has culminated in deteriorating the relationship between rivers and cities. Based on this, the present work aims to analyze the fluvial and environmental conditions of a stretch of the Espinharas River in Patos city, Paraíba State, pointing out its weaknesses and potential. Based on the results obtained, a framework is proposed with guidelines capable of establishing this connection between the urban and natural environment, based on a tripod formed by the integration of the river with the city, recovery of its waters, and raising the population´s awareness of the importance from the river to the local quality of life. The research uses the hypothetical-deductive method, and its methodological steps are performed in three phases: the first is the literature review; the second, diagnosing the stretch of the river under analysis; and the last step addresses the construction of the framework of the guidelines. Finally, an understanding of the current situation of the stretch of the Espinharas River under analysis and the hypothetical effects of applying all selected guidelines is obtained, thus contributing to the qualification of relationship between the river and cities.
The history of railway stations in Brazil played a structuring role in many cities in the country, reflecting exponential growth in various spheres of society. The deactivation of railway stations and/or their disuse in several municipalities and the lack of appropriation by cities and users of this urban transport equipment are a risk to their resistance/existence, weakening the important historical-cultural-social role to which they belong. The New Railway Station (Estação Ferroviária Nova) in Campina Grande city, Paraíba state, representing one of its facilities and greatly influencing the development of the city, is an example of the detrimental process due to the public and private sectors´ neglect, with its buildings (listed by IPHAEP) in ruin and without any pretensions of public policies to soften and/or reverse this process. This work aims to discuss the importance and structuring role of the New Railway Station in Campina Grande, as well as the historical and formal aspects that characterize signs of abandonment and how they can impact the uses and appropriations by the users. To accomplish this, steps were needed to collect information, such as field surveys; bibliographic and documentary research; literary reviews; databases in the city hall, among other forms of data composition. The present study resulted in a dynamic overview and chronological understanding of the apex of the New Railway Station, from its inauguration to its decadence; through historical, formal, social, and heritage expressions, it was possible to understand in which context the station was placed and the processes followed until its current state of deterioration.
Due to the urbanization processes of recent years, a significant loss of the relationship between water resources and cities has been observed, where Areas of Permanent Preservation (APPs) have been gradually degraded and irregularly occupied. Given these scenarios, laws such as the Forest Code (Federal Law No. 12,651/2012) have been created in an attempt to mitigate and preserve the riparian zones of rivers, mangroves, lakes, ponds, and other water bodies, but due to problems in the applicability of the law itself. Thus, this study proposed to study the PPAs of the Espinharas River in the city of Patos/PB, to highlight interventions that can generate requalification of the river banks. The method of analysis chosen was exploratory research, with the support of techniques such as field visits, photographic surveys, data collection, mapping of PPAs, and finally the diagnosis of land use and watershed. The results of this study consisted of the proposal of a linear park plan applied in the areas of the PPAs of the Espinharas River, urban equipment that has the purpose of providing the requalification, restoration, and renaturalization of the areas degraded by the processes of irregular occupation and urbanization.
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