Research suggests that PD is ineffective without sustained and significant support and follow-up (Fixsen, Naoom, Blase, Friedman, & Wallace, 2005), defined as 30 or more direct contact hours with each teacher (Yoon et al., 2007). A number of successful classroom and behavior management PD programs that include approximately 30 or more hours of direct contact have been developed and evaluated, demonstrating successful adult behavior change. For example, Hemmeter, Snyder, Fox, and Algina (2016) evaluated the implementation of the Pyramid Model for Promoting Young Children's Social-Emotional Competence, a behavior management program for young children. Teachers received almost 20 hr of workshops and an average of 13 practicebased coaching sessions, each including almost 2 hr of observation and 45 min of debriefing. Teachers who received 693568P BIXXX10.
In this study, using Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) personnel data from 2006 to 2014, we identified seven states with consistently low shortages of highly qualified special education teachers and seven states with persistently high shortages. We employed Guarino et al.’s framework to guide our assumptions and selection of demographic, supply, and demand variables and compared two groups in this descriptive analysis. We found significant differences across supply and demand variables. Low shortage states make greater investments in per pupil expenditures; have higher teacher salaries, generally; have greater preparation capacity; and produce more special education graduates. Taken together, our findings suggest that special education teaching is a relatively better job in low shortage states than in high shortage states. We situate the discussion of our findings within policy recommendations that states may use to address shortages. Limitations of our analysis are addressed, and implications for future research are proposed.
Crews, Emily C., and Neil E. Rowland. Role of angiotensin in body fluid homeostasis of mice: effect of losartan on water and NaCl intakes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 288: R638 -R644, 2005. First published November 4, 2004 doi:10.1152/ajpregu. 00525.2004.-It is known that mice injected peripherally with ANG II do not show a drinking response but that cFos immunoreactivity (ir) is induced in brain regions similar to those in rats. We now show in Crl:CD1(ICR) mice that peripheral injection of the ANG II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan was sufficient to prevent this induction of Fos-ir in the subfornical organ (SFO). Injection of ANG II into the lateral cerebral ventricle produced a robust water intake in mice and induced Fos-ir in SFO, as well as in median preoptic (MnPO) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei. Peripheral injection of losartan blocked this drinking response and prevented the induction of Fos-ir in each of these brain regions. Hypovolemia produced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) produced a robust water intake but no evidence of sodium appetite, and it induced Fos-ir in SFO, MnPO, and PVN. Peripheral injection of losartan did not affect this drinking response. Fos-ir induced by PEG in SFO and MnPO was reduced by treatment with losartan, while that induced in the PVN was further increased by losartan. Sodium depletion with furosemide and low-sodium diet produced a strong sodium appetite and induced Fos-ir in SFO and MnPO. Treatment with losartan completely blocked the sodium appetite, as well as the induction of Fos-ir in these brain regions. These data indicate that endogenous production of ANG II and action at forebrain receptors is critically involved in depletion-related sodium appetite in mice. The absence of an effect of losartan on PEG-induced drinking suggests the critical involvement of other factor(s) such as arterial or venous baroreceptor input, and we discuss how this factor could also explain why peripheral ANG II is not dipsogenic in mice.hypovolemia; sodium depletion; subfornical organ; baroreceptors; Fos immunoreactivity THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN CASCADE has important signaling functions in many tissues, including an integrative role in the regulation of hydromineral homeostasis by the brain (4, 5). Most of the studies that have led to this knowledge, especially in regard to neural mechanisms, have been performed in a few strains of rats. Contemporary interest in the use of mouse transgenic models has made it important to understand whether and how this rat-based model applies to mice. In particular, studies from this laboratory (12), as well as others (1, 4, 18), performed over a decade ago suggested that mice of several strains did not use ANG II as a signal molecule in precisely the same way as rats. Most prominent among the findings was that mice drank neither water nor NaCl solution when injected peripherally with ANG II (6, 12, 14, 18).There are two general classes of potential explanations for that finding. The first is that ANG II is not dipsogenic because it does not hav...
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