A acentuada interação genótipo x ambiente presente em muitas culturas faz com que estudos de adaptabilidade a ambientes específicos sejam parte integrante dos programas de melhoramento vegetal. A resposta diferenciada dos genótipos a ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis pode ser estudada utilizando metodologias baseadas em três estratégias principais: análise de variância, regressão linear e em estatísticas não-paramétricas. Este trabalho apresenta uma nova metodologia para estudo de interação genótipo x ambiente que se baseia na comparação de valores de distância cartesiana entre os genótipos e quatro referências ideais em uma dispersão de componentes principais, visando a facilitar a recomendação de genótipos. Esse método, chamado de método centróide, difere em relação aos métodos baseados em análise de variância por permitir o direcionamento dos cultivares em relação à variação ambiental e pela facilidade de identificação dos genótipos, dispensando a análise simultânea de vários parâmetros como nos métodos baseados em regressão. Para exemplificar sua aplicação, foram avaliados 25 genótipos provenientes de testes clonais de Eucalyptus grandis aos 74 meses de idade plantados em quatro ambientes em modelo fatorial e delineamento em blocos ao acaso com seis repetições, sendo que os efeitos de genótipos foram considerados fixos e os efeitos de blocos e ambientes aleatórios. Foram identificados quatro clones de boa adaptabilidade geral além de outros de adaptação específica a grupo de ambientes que também podem ser recomendados visando a capitalizar o efeito da interação. Os resultados foram comparados com os obtidos pela metodologia de regressão proposta por Eberhart e Russel (1966) e pelo método proposto por Lin e Binns (1988) e permitem concluir que o método centróide foi eficiente na identificação dos clones de Eucalyptus grandis avaliados de comportamento diferenciado entre os ambientes; associado à facilidade de recomendação e ordenamento dos genótipos a grupos de adaptabilidade específicos.
The common bean is one of the most important legumes in the human diet, but little is known about the endophytic bacteria associated with the leaves of this plant. The objective of this study was to characterize the culturable endophytic bacteria of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves from three different cultivars (Vermelhinho, Talismã, and Ouro Negro) grown under the same field conditions. The density of endophytic populations varied from 4.5 x 10 2 to 2.8 x 10 3 CFU g The isolates from the Talismã cultivar were less diverse than the isolates derived from the other two cultivars. The results of this work indicate that the cultivar of the plant may contribute to the structure of the endophytic community associated with the common bean. This is the first report of endophytic bacteria from the leaves of P. vulgaris cultivars. Future studies will determine the potential application of these isolates in biological control, growth promotion and enzyme production for biotechnology.
To initiate a conservation program of the Orchidaceae from the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest with the purpose of ex situ conservation or reintroduction in the State of Minas Gerais, seven mycorrhizal Rhizoctonia-like fungal strains were isolated from roots of seven neotropical orchid species from three different Atlantic rain forest fragments. Taxonomic studies revealed that the isolates belong to the genera Ceratorhiza and Epulorhiza. The Epulorhiza isolates were identified as Epulorhiza repens (N. Bernard) R.T. Moore and Epulorhiza epiphytica Pereira, Rollemberg et Kasuya. RAPD analysis indicated higher polymorphism between Epulorhiza epiphytica and Epulorhiza repens than found in the PCR-RFLP analysis. RAPD and morphological analyses indicated a degree of relatedness among the Ceratorhiza isolates obtained from the roots of different Oncidium species. A combination of morphological and molecular characterizations permitted integration of fungal strain identification with genetic relatedness among the isolates, thus allowing some inferences to be made on specificity of these endosymbionts under field conditions. Résumé : Les auteurs travaillent à mettre sur pied un programme de conservation pour les Orchidaceae de la forêt ombrophile atlantique du Brésil, avec l'objectif d'effectuer de la conservation ex situ et de la réintroduction, dans l'état de Minas Gerais. À cette fin, ils ont isolé sept souches de champignons de type Rhizoctonia, à partir de racines de sept espèces d'orchidées néotropicales, provenant de trois fragments différents de la forêt ombrophile de l'Atlantique. Les études taxonomiques révèlent que les isolats appartiennent aux genres Ceratorhiza et Epulorhiza. Ils ont identifié les isolats d'Epulorhiza comme Epulorhiza repens (N. Bernard) R.T. Moore et Epulorhiza epiphytica Pereira, Rollemberg et Kasuya. L'analyse RAPD montre un polymorphisme plus grand entre l'Epulorhiza epiphytica et l'Epulorhiza repens, que celui qu'on retrouve avec les analyses PCR-RFLP. Les analyses RAPD et morphologiques indiquent un certain degré de relation entre les isolats provenant des Ceratorhiza obtenus des racines de différentes espèces d'Oncidium. La combinaison des caractéristiques morphologiques et moléculaires permet d'intégrer l'identification des souches fongiques avec la relation génétique entre les isolats, permettant ainsi de déduire des informations sur la spécificité de ces endosymbiontes, sous des conditions de terrain.
respiratory, parasitic and perinatal diseases revealed to be the main causes for hospitalizations in Brazilian children; pneumonia, gastroenteritis, and asthma constitute the most important of hospitalizations, treatable in the ambulatory health care.
The National School Food Program (PNAE) constitutes an important strategy for the promotion of healthy eating. The objective was to perform a brief analysis of evaluative research on the PNAE. It involved a search of the literature from 2010 to 2015 in the Bireme and Scielo databases. Twelve articles were selected linked to the area, eight of which analyzed the insertion of the nutritionist in the PNAE; seven, to buy food from family farms; five, the implementation of School Food Councils; five, the compilation of menus; and four, funding destined for the PNAE. Problems in the performance of the nutritionist and the School Food Councils, on buying food from family farms and in the compilation of the menus (low fruit and vegetable content) were detected. The need for greater attention to execution of the PNAE was highlighted in order to ensure school food within guidelines that promote food and nutrition security. Further evaluation studies about the program are fundamental for the provision of subsidies to public managers for purposes of enhancing its implementation.
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