The main goal of this study was to describe the method of the synthesis of the dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, hexadecyl- and octadecyl-propylene glycol emulsifiers in the presence of selected anionic and nonionic surfactants. Acyl propylene glycol emulsifiers were produced by esterification of propane–1,2-diol (propylene glycol, PG) with C12:0–C18:0 fatty acids in the presence of anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nonionic-poly(ethylene glycol) monolaurate (PEGML). The presence of SDS and PEGML in the reaction system caused microemulsion formation. Depending on the structure and amount of the surfactant in the system reactions proceeded at different rates and with different efficiency levels. The esterification of propylene glycol carried out under applied conditions causes products with the desired contents of propylene glycol monoesters (MAPG) to be obtained in a one-step reaction. Knowledge of the reaction kinetics creates the possibility to program the composition and properties of the synthesized emulsifiers. The interaction of nonionic, lipophilic MAPG with anionic, hydrophilic SDS or nonionic, hydrophilic PEGML influences the hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) values of the products which may be used to stabilize water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Use of the synthesized compounds allows stable emulsions to be prepared which include the following vegetable fats in the oil phase: mango oil, palm oil, shorea butter and hydrogenated soybean oil.
In this study, the influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the direct esterification of 1,2-propanediol (propylene glycol, PG) with dodecanoic acid (lauric acid, LA) was investigated. It was stated that formation of a mixed interfacial film of the anionic surfactant and synthesized monoacylpropyleneglycol (PGML) emulsifier lowers the interfacial tension between phases to produce a transparent microemulsion. Therefore, SDS was found to be effective in increasing the contact between reagents and, as a consequence, accelerating the reaction progress. The obtained products were liquid and transparent substances at room temperature. The particle size distribution of the formed microemulsion systems range from about 25-45 nm, depending on the concentration of surfactant in the reaction mixture. The hydrophilic-lipophilic properties of synthesized products were also studied. The concentration of SDS in the reaction mixture influenced the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) values of the obtained emulsifiers.
The focus of this study was the preparation of novel bio based polyglycerol emulsifi ers characterized by a one pot synthesis, thus by modifi ed properties with respect to interfacial activity and effectiveness as emulsion stabilizers. The fi nal products of the esterifi cation process, carried out in the presence of carboxylates were used directly as emulsifi ers (without purifi cation or fractionation). Polyglycerol emulsifi ers obtained in proposed conditions can be tailored to stabilize the defi ned emulsion system. The modifi cation of the surface activity of emulsifi ers may be obtained by programming the fatty acid acyl group in the polyglycerol ester as well as the hydrocarbon chain length in sodium soap and concentration of this compound in the reaction mixture.
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