One‐Step Synthesis of W/O and O/W Emulsifiers in the Presence of Surface Active Agents

Abstract

The main goal of this study was to describe the method of the synthesis of the dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, hexadecyl- and octadecyl-propylene glycol emulsifiers in the presence of selected anionic and nonionic surfactants. Acyl propylene glycol emulsifiers were produced by esterification of propane–1,2-diol (propylene glycol, PG) with C12:0–C18:0 fatty acids in the presence of anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nonionic-poly(ethylene glycol) monolaurate (PEGML). The presence of SDS and PEGML in the reaction system caused microemulsion formation. Depending on the structure and amount of the surfactant in the system reactions proceeded at different rates and with different efficiency levels. The esterification of propylene glycol carried out under applied conditions causes products with the desired contents of propylene glycol monoesters (MAPG) to be obtained in a one-step reaction. Knowledge of the reaction kinetics creates the possibility to program the composition and properties of the synthesized emulsifiers. The interaction of nonionic, lipophilic MAPG with anionic, hydrophilic SDS or nonionic, hydrophilic PEGML influences the hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) values of the products which may be used to stabilize water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Use of the synthesized compounds allows stable emulsions to be prepared which include the following vegetable fats in the oil phase: mango oil, palm oil, shorea butter and hydrogenated soybean oil.

The Effect of the HLB Value of Sucrose Ester on Physiochemical Properties of Bigel Systems

“…The HLB value of surfactants can provide a useful indication as to which emulsion it will form; low HLB surfactants (3–6) favor the formation of W/O emulsions, while high HLB surfactants (10–18) favor the formation of O/W emulsions. Surfactants with intermediate HLB values (7–9) have no particular preference [ 2 , 48 ]. In the current research, we used lecithin, which has an HLB of ≈7, GMS with an HLB around ≈3.8, and three different SEs with HLB values of ≈1, 2, and 6.…”

Importance of Emulsification in Calibrating Infrared Spectroscopes for Analyzing Water Contamination in Used or In-Service Engine Oil

“…Also, a demulsifying process can occur over a very extended period as some encapsulated water molecules are less kinetically stable than others. Analyses of the time it takes emulsifying agents to react at the water/oil interface in oils used by the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries have been performed to improve emulsifier selection for those industries [25]. Also, a number of studies within the petroleum industry have examined the opposite effect, the stability of water/oil emulsions, and the rate of demulsification [26][27][28][29][30][31][32].…”

“…Obtaining a complete emulsion of water in oil may be critical to accurate and repeatable FT-IR measurements of water in oil. ASTM E2412-10 [25] did not include consistent specifics on the mixing of a sample before FT-IR analysis. The main body of the standard indicates that samples be shaken or agitated to ensure a representative sample, while the second annex specifies mixing, sonicating, or mechanical shaking for at least 15 min [25].…”

Multifunctional SA-PProDOT Binder for Lithium Ion Batteries

“…The ProDOT molecules are mainly distributed in the oil phase with the hydrophilic functional groups −COOH assembly toward the aqueous, whereas alginates are in the aqueous phase with the hydroxyl (−OH) functional group line up toward the oil phase. It is well established that DBSA is an effective catalyst for esterification reaction. − Under the above directional arrangement, catalytic functions of DBSA and sufficient temperature, the esterification reaction takes place (Figure ). One of the important features of the microemulsion system lies in the fact that the water molecules produced from the esterification reaction can be extracted into the droplets due to hydrophilic nature of the interior aqueous domain.…”