Adhering to a prudent dietary pattern in pregnancy was clearly associated with lower risk of GDM, especially among women already at higher risk because of overweight/obesity before pregnancy.
Background: Historically, Iceland has been an iodine-sufficient nation due to notably high fish and milk consumption. Recent data suggest that the intake of these important dietary sources of iodine has decreased considerably. Objective: To evaluate the iodine status of pregnant women in Iceland and to determine dietary factors associated with risk for deficiency. Methods: Subjects were women (n = 983; 73% of the eligible sample) attending their first ultrasound appointment in gestational weeks 11-14 in the period October 2017-March 2018. Spot urine samples were collected for assessment of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and creatinine. The ratio of iodine to creatinine (I/Cr) was calculated. Median UIC was compared with the optimal range of 150-249 µg/L defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). Diet was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), which provided information on main dietary sources of iodine in the population studied (dairy and fish). Results: The median UIC (95% confidence interval (CI)) and I/Cr of the study population was 89 µg/L (42, 141) and 100 (94, 108) µg/g, respectively. UIC increased with higher frequency of dairy intake, ranging from median UIC of 55 (35, 79) µg/L for women consuming dairy products <1 time per week to 124 (98, 151) µg/L in the group consuming dairy >2 times per day (P for trend <0.001). A small group of women reporting complete avoidance of fish (n = 18) had UIC of 50 (21, 123) µg/L and significantly lower I/Cr compared with those who did not report avoidance of fish (58 (34, 134) µg/g vs. 100 (94, 108) µg/g, P = 0.041). Women taking supplements containing iodine (n = 34, 3.5%) had significantly higher UIC compared with those who did not take supplements (141 (77, 263) µg/L vs. 87 (82, 94), P = 0.037). Conclusion: For the first time, insufficient iodine status is being observed in an Icelandic population. There is an urgent need for a public health action aiming at improving iodine status of women of childbearing age in Iceland.
InngangurRannsóknir síðastliðinna 20 ára, baeði meðal manna og dýra, benda til þess að umhverfi fósturs í móðurkviði geti haft umtalsverð áhrif á heilsu afkvaemisins allt fram á fullorðinsár.1 Naeringarástand fyrir og á með-göngu getur ekki aðeins haft áhrif á heilsu móðurinn-ar heldur einnig á þroska, vöxt og heilsu barnsins til skemmri og lengri tíma. [2][3][4] Mataraeði mismunandi samfélagshópa hefur verið rannsakað hérlendis undanfarin ár. 5,6 Þekkingin hefur meðal annars nýst við stefnumótun í lýðheilsumálum. Mataraeði barnshafandi kvenna hefur verið rannsakað þrisvar sinnum síðastliðin 15 ár. 7-9 Tíðnispurningalisti var notaður til að kanna mataraeði í öllum þessum rannsóknum. Þrátt fyrir að reynslan af notkun slíks spurningalista sé góð í stórum faraldsfraeðilegum rannsókn-um þar sem aetlunin er að flokka einstaklinga í hópa eftir faeðuvali og tengja við heilsufarsþaetti 10-13 hentar þessi aðferðafraeði illa ef markmiðið er að magngreina neyslu matvaela og einstakra naeringarefna. Nákvaem-ar upplýsingar um neyslu matvaelategunda eru meðal annars mikilvaegar við að meta haettu á of mikilli eða lítilli neyslu naeringarefna miðað við ráðleggingar.14 Markmið rannsóknarinnar var að kanna faeðuval og naeringargildi faeðu meðal barnshafandi kvenna á höfuðborgarsvaeðinu, með áherslu á naeringarefni sem er talið að geti tengst fósturþroska. Notuð var vigtuð skráning alls matar og drykkjar sem konurnar neyttu í fjóra samfellda daga, sem er ein nákvaemasta aðferð sem völ er á við könnun á mataraeði einstaklinga. 10Tilgangur: Naeringarástand fyrir og á meðgöngu getur haft áhrif á þroska, vöxt og heilsu barnsins til skemmri og lengri tíma. Markmið rannsóknar-innar var að rannsaka naeringargildi faeðu hjá barnshafandi konum á höfuðborgarsvaeðinu og að kanna hvort mataraeði kvenna í kjörþyngd fyrir þungun vaeri frábrugðið því sem er hjá konum sem voru yfir kjörþyngd. Efniviður/aðferðir: Þátttakendur voru konur á aldrinum 18-40 ára (n=183), sem höfðu búsetu á höfuðborgarsvaeðinu. Mataraeði var kannað með fjögurra daga vigtaðri skráningu í 19.-24. viku meðgöngu (n=98 með líkamsþyngdarstuðull (LÞS) <25 kg/m 2 ); n=46 með LÞS 25-29,9 kg/m 2 og n=39 með LÞS ≥30 kg/m 2 ). Niðurstöður: Einungis 20% kvennanna náðu lágmarksviðmiðum trefjaneyslu sem eru 25 g á dag. Viðbaettur sykur veitti að jafnaði 12% (SF ± 5%) af heildarorku faeðisins. Um fjórðungur kvennanna gaeti hafa átt á haettu að fullnaegja ekki þörf fyrir joð, D-vítamín og DHA (dókósahexen-sýru ). Ofneysla vítamína og steinefna (úr faeði og baetiefnum) sást ekki. Miðgildi neyslu á mjólk og mjólkurvörum (346 g/dag miðað við 258 g/dag, p<0,05), gos-og svaladrykkjum (200 g/dag miðað við 122 g/dag, p<0,05) og kartöfluflögum og poppi (13 g/dag miðað við 0 g/dag, p<0,05) var haerra meðal kvenna með LÞS ≥30 kg/m 2 fyrir þungun heldur en kvenna sem voru í kjörþyngd fyrir þungun. Ályktanir: Huga þarf betur að faeðuvali kvenna fyrir og á meðgöngu, ekki síst meðal kvenna yfir kjörþyngd. Hluti barnshafandi kvenna fullnaegir ekki þörf fyrir naeringarefni á borð við joð, D-vítamín og...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Body fatness and heart disease risk factors can differ considerably between ethnities for a given body mass index (BMI). Information is lacking on differences between various Caucasian populations within Europe. The aim was to investigate the differences in anthropometrics and risk factors between adults from Iceland, Spain and Ireland. SUBJECT/METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of the baseline data from the SEAFOODplus YOUNG intervention study, in which 324 subjects (20-40 years, BMI 27.5-32.5 kg/m 2 , from Iceland, Spain and Ireland) participated. Fasting glucose, insulin, blood lipids and body compossition were measured, insulin resistance was calculated using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. RESULTS: Although age and BMI did not differ between Spanish, Irish and Icelandic subjects, Irish subjects had significantly higher waist circumference (3.2 and 6.7 cm) and body fat percentage (4.4 and 2.0%) compared with Icelandic and Spanish participants, respectively. Irish participants had also more unfavorable cardio-metabolic risk factors compared with Spanish and Icelandic subjects. However, correction for waist attenuated the observed differences considerably, in particular for total cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein and triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS: Despite having near identical BMI and age, our results show that study participants from different populations within Europe differ considerably in cardio-metabolic risk factors, partly due to differences in body fat distribution.
Background A diet rich in whole grains may provide benefits for pregnant women due to whole grains’ high nutritional value and dietary fiber content. Objectives To study the associations of whole-grain consumption, as well as the plasma alkylresorcinol concentration, a whole-grain consumption biomarker, in early pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnoses. Methods Subjects were women from the prospective study Pregnant Women in Iceland II (PREWICE II; n = 853) who attended their ultrasound appointment in gestational weeks 11–14 during the period from October 2017 to March 2018. During that visit, whole-grain consumption was estimated using a diet screening questionnaire, and blood samples were collected for analysis of plasma alkylresorcinols (ARs). Information on GDM diagnoses was later extracted from medical records. Multivariate log-binomial regression was used to evaluate the association of dietary whole-grain and AR concentrations with GDM. Results In total, 14.9% of the women adhered to the national food-based dietary guidelines (n = 127), which recommend 2 portions of whole grains daily. GDM was diagnosed in 127 women (14.9%). The frequency of whole-grain consumption was lower in women who were later diagnosed with GDM compared to the women without GDM (median, 5 times/week vs. 6 times/week, respectively; P = 0.02). This difference was reflected in the lower median concentration of total AR in women diagnosed with GDM (163 nmol/L vs. 209 nmol/L, respectively; P < 0.01). The quartile with the highest concentrations of AR had a RR of 0.50 (95% CI: 0.27–0.90) of being diagnosed with GDM, in comparison to the lowest quartile. There was a significant dose response in the GDM risk with higher AR levels. Conclusions We found that a higher consumption of whole grains, reflected both by reported consumption according to the FFQ and AR biomarkers, was associated with a decreased risk of receiving a GDM diagnosis.
IntroductionFatty acid (FA) concentrations have previously been associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, few studies on GDM have examined FA profiles in early pregnancy or before diagnosis. This study aimed to compare early pregnancy plasma FA profiles of women with and without GDM diagnoses as well as their reported dietary consumption.Research design and methodsThe subjects comprised 853 women from the prospective study: Pregnant Women in Iceland II (PREWICE II), attending their 11–14 weeks ultrasound appointment in 2017–2018. During the visit, blood samples were collected for plasma FA analysis, and dietary habits were assessed using a short food frequency questionnaire. Information on GDM diagnoses was then later extracted from medical records. Differences in FA profile between GDM cases and non-cases were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test.ResultsGDM was diagnosed in 127 women (14.9%). Concentrations of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n-6, PUFA n-3 and total FA were higher in the women who later developed GDM compared with those who did not (p≤0.05). The medians for total FA were 2898 μg/mL for the women with GDM and 2681 μg/mL for those without GDM. Mean adjusted difference for total FA between the groups was 133 μg/mL (95% CI 33 to 233). Similar results were observed in prepregnancy normal-weight women and overweight women/women with obesity. Overall diet quality in early pregnancy appeared to be lower among the women later diagnosed with GDM.ConclusionWe found that plasma FA profiles in early pregnancy were different for women later diagnosed with GDM compared with those who were not, independent of the women’s body mass index.
Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), one of the most common pregnancy complications. The vitamin D status has never previously been studied in pregnant women in Iceland. Objective: The aim of this research study was to evaluate the vitamin D status of an Icelandic cohort of pregnant women and the association between the vitamin D status and the GDM incidence. Design: Subjects included pregnant women (n = 938) who attended their first ultrasound appointment, during gestational weeks 11–14, between October 2017 and March 2018. The use of supplements containing vitamin D over the previous 3 months, height, pre-pregnancy weight, and social status were assessed using a questionnaire, and blood samples were drawn for analyzing the serum 25‑hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration. Information regarding the incidence of GDM later in pregnancy was collected from medical records. Results: The mean ± standard deviation of the serum 25OHD (S-25OHD) concentration in this cohort was 63±24 nmol/L. The proportion of women with an S-25OHD concentration of ≥ 50 nmol/L (which is considered adequate) was 70%, whereas 25% had concentrations between 30 and 49.9 nmol/L (insufficient) and 5% had concentrations < 30 nmol/L (deficient). The majority of women (n = 766, 82%) used supplements containing vitamin D on a daily basis. A gradual decrease in the proportion of women diagnosed with GDM was reported with increasing S-25OHD concentrations, going from 17.8% in the group with S-25OHD concentrations < 30 nmol/L to 12.8% in the group with S-25OHD concentrations ≥75 nmol/L; however, the association was not significant (P for trend = 0.11). Conclusion: Approximately one-third of this cohort had S-25OHD concentrations below adequate levels (< 50 nmol/L) during the first trimester of pregnancy, which may suggest that necessary action must be taken to increase their vitamin D levels. No clear association was observed between the vitamin D status and GDM in this study.
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