Insufficient iodine status in pregnant women as a consequence of dietary changes

Adalsteinsdottir, Solveig; Tryggvadóttir, Ellen Alma; Hrolfsdottir, Laufey; Halldórsson, Thorhallur I.; Birgisdóttir, Bryndís Eva; Hreidarsdottir, Ingibjorg Th; Harðardóttir, Hildur; Arohonka, Petra; Erlund, Iris; Gunnarsdóttir, Ingibjörg

doi:10.29219/fnr.v64.3653

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This is of particular importance because I deficiency prevails globally, occurring in 435.5 million (56.9% of the population) and almost 2 billion (35.2% of the population) people in Europe and globally, respectively [ 73 ]. Although in Iceland this was not a public health issue for years, more recent studies have highlighted that specific demographics (including pregnant women) had suboptimal I intake and have associated this with the reduction in milk, dairy and fish consumption [ 74 ]. The results for the CON milk in the present study reinforce the important role that milk can play in providing the required amounts of I in human diets.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Dietary Seaweed Supplementation in Cows on Milk Macrominerals, Trace Elements and Heavy Metal Concentrations

Newton

Pétursdóttir

Ríkharðsson

et al. 2021

Foods

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This study investigated the effect of seaweed supplementation in dairy cow diets on milk yield, basic composition, and mineral concentrations. Thirty-seven Icelandic cows were split into three diet treatments: control (CON, no seaweed), low seaweed (LSW, 0.75% concentrate dry matter (DM), 13–40 g/cow/day), and high seaweed (HSW, 1.5% concentrate DM, 26–158 g/cow/day). Cows were fed the same basal diet of grass silage and concentrate for a week, and then were introduced to the assigned experimental diets for 6 weeks. The seaweed mix of 91% Ascophyllum nodosum: 9% Laminaria digitata (DM basis), feed, and milk samples were collected weekly. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed effects model, with diet, week, and their interaction as fixed factors, cow ID as random factor, and the pre-treatment week data as a covariate. When compared with CON milk, LSW and HSW milk had, respectively, less Se (−1.4 and −3.1 μg/kg milk) and more I (+744 and +1649 μg/kg milk), while HSW milk also had less Cu (−11.6 μg/kg milk) and more As (+0.17 μg/kg milk) than CON milk. The minimal changes or concentrations in milk for Se, Cu, and As cannot be associated with any effects on consumer nutrition, but care should be taken when I-rich seaweed is fed to cows to avoid excessive animal I supply and milk I concentrations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Dietary Seaweed Supplementation in Cows on Milk Macrominerals, Trace Elements and Heavy Metal Concentrations

Newton

Pétursdóttir

Ríkharðsson

et al. 2021

Foods

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“…Information regarding the consumption of other potential dietary sources of vitamin D, such as vitamin Denriched milk and oily fish, was also assessed through the FFQ. The development of the FFQ has previously been described in detail ( 14 – 16 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D status and association with gestational diabetes mellitus in a pregnant cohort in Iceland

Magnúsdóttir

Tryggvadóttir

Magnusdottir

et al. 2021

Food & Nutrition Research

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Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), one of the most common pregnancy complications. The vitamin D status has never previously been studied in pregnant women in Iceland. Objective: The aim of this research study was to evaluate the vitamin D status of an Icelandic cohort of pregnant women and the association between the vitamin D status and the GDM incidence. Design: Subjects included pregnant women (n = 938) who attended their first ultrasound appointment, during gestational weeks 11–14, between October 2017 and March 2018. The use of supplements containing vitamin D over the previous 3 months, height, pre-pregnancy weight, and social status were assessed using a questionnaire, and blood samples were drawn for analyzing the serum 25‑hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration. Information regarding the incidence of GDM later in pregnancy was collected from medical records. Results: The mean ± standard deviation of the serum 25OHD (S-25OHD) concentration in this cohort was 63±24 nmol/L. The proportion of women with an S-25OHD concentration of ≥ 50 nmol/L (which is considered adequate) was 70%, whereas 25% had concentrations between 30 and 49.9 nmol/L (insufficient) and 5% had concentrations < 30 nmol/L (deficient). The majority of women (n = 766, 82%) used supplements containing vitamin D on a daily basis. A gradual decrease in the proportion of women diagnosed with GDM was reported with increasing S-25OHD concentrations, going from 17.8% in the group with S-25OHD concentrations < 30 nmol/L to 12.8% in the group with S-25OHD concentrations ≥75 nmol/L; however, the association was not significant (P for trend = 0.11). Conclusion: Approximately one-third of this cohort had S-25OHD concentrations below adequate levels (< 50 nmol/L) during the first trimester of pregnancy, which may suggest that necessary action must be taken to increase their vitamin D levels. No clear association was observed between the vitamin D status and GDM in this study.

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“…Denmark was mild to moderately iodine deficient and introduced iodine fortification of salt around year 2000 (9) aiming to raise the iodine intake by around 50 µg/day (10) . Follow-up has documented a marked reduction in the occurrence of goitre and thyroid dysfunctions (11,12) while iodine nutrition in pregnant women remains a continuous concern (13)(14)(15) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine nutrition among the adult population of the Faroe Islands: a population-based study

et al. 2021

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The World Health Organization recommends monitoring iodine status in all populations with median urinary iodine concentration below 100 µg/L suggesting iodine deficiency. There are no data on the iodine intake among the population of the Faroe Islands. This study aimed to provide data on iodine nutrition in a representative sample of the general adult population from the Faroe Islands. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey in 2011-2012 and measured iodine in urine from 491 participants (294/197 men/women) using the ceri/arsen method after alkaline ashing. Participants include around 100 subjects in each of four adult decades and included participants from both the capital city and villages. The median urinary iodine concentration was low within the recommended range 101 µg/L (range 21-1870 µg/L). No samples were in the range suggesting severe iodine deficiency, but half of the samples were in the range of just adequate or mildly insufficient iodine intake with urinary iodine concentration markedly lower in women than in men (86 versus 115 µg/L; P<0·001). Intake of fish and whale meals affected the urinary iodine concentrations. In conclusion, nearly half of the population had an iodine excretion in the range of borderline or mild iodine deficiency. The lowest iodine nutrition level among Faroese women is a concern as it may extend to pregnancy with increased demands on iodine nutrition. In addition, we found large variations and the intermittently excessive iodine intakes warrants follow-up on thyroid function in the population of the Faroe Islands.

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Insufficient iodine status in pregnant women as a consequence of dietary changes

Cited by 20 publications

References 33 publications

Effect of Dietary Seaweed Supplementation in Cows on Milk Macrominerals, Trace Elements and Heavy Metal Concentrations

Effect of Dietary Seaweed Supplementation in Cows on Milk Macrominerals, Trace Elements and Heavy Metal Concentrations

Vitamin D status and association with gestational diabetes mellitus in a pregnant cohort in Iceland

Iodine nutrition among the adult population of the Faroe Islands: a population-based study

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