It is 17 years since the British Columbia Ministry of Forests instituted the Jobs and Timber A o d of , hi h esta lished B itish Colu ia s BC Co u it Fo est Pilot P og a a d formally introduced Community Forest Agreements into the provincial forest policy framework. For this special issue we present the results of a census of all active members of the BC Community Forest Association, evaluating the program using the method demonstrated by Maryudi et al. (2012) where evaluation is guided by the original aims of the policy; in this case the Community Forestry Initiative of BC. We sought Co u it Fo est O ga isatio s ie s o the strengths and limitations of the initiative, whether they were equipped to achieve the aims expected of the policy, and the degree to which the policy aims were their priorities. We found that community forests in BC assess themselves as having been broadly successful in terms of policy aims of public participation and environmental stewardship of forests, but that the policy has not enabled economic diversification. Corroborating other studies we report that community forests found that encouraging participation requires sustained effort, that diversifying from conventional forestry is desired but not usually achievable and that motivations for involvement in community forests are diverse.
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted weaknesses in global food systems, as well as opening windows of opportunity for innovation and transformation. While the nature and extent of this crisis is rare, extreme climatic events will increase in magnitude and frequency, threatening similar societal impacts. It is therefore critical to identify mechanisms for developing food systems that are resilient to such impacts. We examine impacts of the crisis on UK food systems and how these further entrenched social inequalities. We present data on the experiences and actions of producers, consumers, and community organisers. The data were collected by adapting ongoing research to include surveys, interviews and online workshops focused on the pandemic. Actors’ responses to the pandemic foreshadow how enduring change to food systems can be achieved. We identify support required to enable these transformations and argue that it is vital that these opportunities are embedded in food justice principles which promote people-centred approaches to avoid exacerbating injustices prevalent pre-crisis. Learning from these experiences therefore provides insights for how to make food systems elsewhere more resilient and just.
The effects of climate change in many regions are expected to be significant, and likely to have a detrimental effect on the health of forests and the communities that often depend on those forests. At the same time climate change presents a challenge as it requires changes in both forest management, and the institutions and policies developed that govern forest management. In this paper, we report on a study assessing how Community Forests Organizations (CFOs) in British Columbia (BC), which were developed to manage forests according to the needs and desires of local communities and First Nations, are approaching climate change and whether or not they are responding to, or preparing for, its impacts. There are practical steps that CFOs can take to improve their ability to cope with future conditions such as planting a wider variety of species, practising different silvicultural techniques and increasing monitoring and observation of the forest. This paper gives an overview of what current capabilities exist in CFOs and suggests potential areas for targeted development.Key words: climate change, adaptation, community forests, forest-dependent communities, policy development, survey RÉSUMÉOn prévoit que les changements climatiques seront significatifs dans plusieurs régions et devraient vraisemblablement avoir un impact négatif sur la santé des forêts et des communautés qui dépendent souvent de ces forêts. Ces changements climatiques représentent en même temps un défi puisqu'ils entraînent des changements à la fois dans l'aménagement forestier et dans les institutions et des politiques mises en place pour gérer l'aménagement forestier. Dans cet article, nous faisons état d'une étude évaluant comment les organisations de foresterie communautaire (OFC) de la ColombieBritannique, qui ont été mises en place pour aménager les forêts en fonction des besoins et des désirs de communautés locales des Premières Nations se préoccupent des changements climatiques et si elles réagissent ou se préparent à réagir aux impacts. Il y a des gestes concrets que les OFC peuvent poser afin d'améliorer leur capacité à faire face aux conditions futures comme la plantation d'une plus grande variété d' espèces, la pratique de techniques sylvicoles différentes et l'accroissement des mesures de suivi et d' observation de la forêt. Cet article donne un aperçu des moyens qui existent actuellement parmi les OFC et suggère les domaines potentiels de développement prioritaire.
2016. Are human values and community participation key to climate adaptation? The case of community forest organisations in British Columbia. Climatic Change 135 (2) , pp.
There have been strong claims made for ecological restoration's potential as a practice which is conductive to rethinking relationships with nature. The involvement of lay people in “hands‐on restoration” is thought to hold potential for enabling re‐examinations of human connection to nature. Restoration scholars suggest causal mechanisms present in restoration practice which may explain why it is so conductive to enabling connection to nature. This research used participatory observation and in‐depth interviewing to examine these largely untested ideas and gives insight into the casual mechanisms they present. Focusing on one case of ecological restoration in the Highlands of Scotland, the study found that exertion and achievement gained through restoration work created positive affect which people associated with their experience of nature, that laboring in nature created belonging and ownership, and that physical immersion enabled intimacy with nature. It found that learning about the legacies of human agency on landscape reduced reification and that the wider narrative of restoration gave people both a sense of being part of the unfolding history of the landscape and part of a redemptive future. It also found that focused attention created vivid memories and elevated the significance of the experience of being in nature and ritual created remarkable, memorable events. This study adds to previous work, finding that the emotional labor of leaders, the use of educational techniques, and the kinds of tasks in which participants engage are important in creating particular ideas of the relationship between humans and nature.
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