No abstract

A protocol of physical exercise, based on maximal oxygen uptake (V O 2 max ), for female rats before and during pregnancy was developed to evaluate the impact of a low-protein diet on oxygen consumption during gestation and growth rate of the offspring. Virgin female Wistar rats were divided into four groups as follows: untrained (NT, n = 5); trained (T, n = 5); untrained with low-protein diet (NT+LP, n = 5); and trained with low-protein diet (T+LP, n = 5). Trained rats were submitted to a protocol of moderate physical training on a treadmill over a period of 4 weeks (5 days week −1 and 60 min day −1 , at 65% ofV O 2 max ). At confirmation of pregnancy, the intensity and duration of the exercise was reduced. Low-protein groups received an 8% casein diet, and their peers received a 17% casein diet. The birth weight and growth rate of the pups up to the 90th day were recorded. Oxygen consumption (V O 2 ), CO 2 production and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were determined using an indirect open-circuit calorimeter. Exercise training increaseḋ V O 2 max by about 20% when compared with the initial values (45.6 ± 1.0 ml kg −1 min −1 ). During gestation, all groups showed a progressive reduction in the restingV O 2 values. Dams in the NT+LP group showed lower values of restingV O 2 than those in the NT group. The growth rate of pups from low-protein-fed mothers was around 50% lower than that of their respective controls. The T group showed an increase in body weight from the 60th day onwards, while the NT+LP group presented a reduced body weight from weaning onwards. In conclusion, physical training attenuated the impact of the low-protein diet on oxygen consumption during gestation and on the growth rate of the offspring.

Resumo O presente trabalho apresenta alterações efetuadas entre as versões americanas dos testes WISC-III e WAIS-III e as adaptadas para uso no Brasil. As análises empíricas realizadas com base nas amostras de adaptação, validação e normatização do WISC-III (801 crianças residentes na zona urbana da cidade de Pelotas/RS) e do WAIS-III (788 participantes adolescentes e adultos residentes na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte/MG) acarretaram em alterações nas versões originais dos testes, no que se refere: aos conteúdos de alguns ítens dos subtestes verbais; à ordem de apresentação dos itens; aos tempos limites e à concessão de bônus; aos critérios de início e suspensão da aplicação e; aos grupos etários para os quais foram estabelecidas normas. Os resultados reforçam a importância de se proceder amplos estudos com instrumentos criados em contextos diferentes daqueles em que serão utilizados. Palavras-chave: WISC-III; WAIS-III; adaptação de testes; inteligência.

RESUMO -O subteste Dígitos está incluído no WISC-III e no WAIS-III, constituindo uma medida de atenção e memória de trabalho. Considerando que o desempenho em cada parte desse subteste implica em funções cognitivas diferentes, a determinação dos padrões de desempenho e das discrepâncias pode ser útil na investigação clínica. O artigo apresenta os resultados das amostras de normatização brasileiras dos testes WISC-III e WAIS-III nas ordens direta e inversa dos dígitos, analisando-se as discrepâncias entre cada uma delas. Os sujeitos recordaram mais dígitos na ordem direta do que na inversa. No WISC-III, a mediana da quantidade máxima de dígitos que as crianças memorizaram foi de cinco na ordem direta e três na ordem inversa. No WAIS-III, a mediana alcançada pela amostra foi de cinco dígitos na ordem direta e de quatro na inversa. O número de dígitos retido foi menor que o reportado para as amostras de normatização americanas.Palavras-chave: memória de trabalho; atenção; Dígitos; WISC-III; WAIS-III. Performances in the Forward and Backward Digit Span in the WISC-III and WAIS-IIIABSTRACT -Digit Span subtest is comprised in the WISC-III and WAIS-III and it constitutes an attention and working memory measure. Assuming that performance in each part of this subtest implies in different cognitive functions, the determination of performance patterns and of discrepancies can be useful in clinical evaluation. The present article shows the results of the samples of Brazilian standardization of the tests WISC-III and WAIS-III in the forward and backward orders of the digits, analyzing the discrepancies between each of them. Subjects remembered a larger number of digits in the forward than in the backward. In WISC-III, the median of the maximum amount of digits retained by children was five digits in the forward and three in the backward. In WAIS-III, the median was five digits in the forward and four digits in the backward. The number of digits retained was lower than the reported for the American standardization samples.

Foram investigados os fatores preditores da sobrecarga subjetiva em familiares de pacientes psiquiátricos, sendo entrevistados 150 familiares de pacientes selecionados aleatoriamente em quatro serviços de saúde mental de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Utilizou-se a Escala de Sobrecarga dos Familiares de Pacientes Psiquiátricos (FBIS-BR) e um questionário sócio-demográfico para coleta dos dados. As variáveis foram agrupadas em categorias temáticas analisadas separadamente para determinar a importância relativa dos fatores preditores. Os resultados mostraram que a sobrecarga subjetiva associou-se à sobrecarga objetiva e a fatores relacionados às condições clínicas dos pacientes, às condições de vida, estado de saúde e condições financeiras do cuidador e do paciente e às informações sobre o transtorno mental. O grau de sobrecarga subjetiva era menor quando o cuidador tinha lazer, atividades religiosas, admitia cuidar e tinha sentimentos positivos pelo paciente. Constatou-se a necessidade de incluir o acompanhamento aos familiares no modelo comunitário de atendimento psiquiátrico.

Experiments in animals have revealed that perinatal nutritional restriction, which manifests in adulthood, increases food intake and preference for palatable foods. Considering this, we aimed to evaluate the effects of perinatal malnutrition on hedonic control of feeding behavior. In this study, we divided Wistar rats into two groups according to the diet provided to their mothers during pregnancy and lactation: the control group (diet with 17% casein) and low-protein group (diet with 8% casein). We assessed the animals' motivational behavior in adulthood by giving them a stimulus of food reward. We also assessed their neuronal activation triggered by the stimulus of palatable food using FOS protein labeling of neurons activated in the caudate putamen, paraventricular, dorsomedial, ventromedial, and lateral hypothalamic nuclei and amygdala. Evaluation of body weight in malnourished animals showed reduction from the 6th day of life until adulthood. Analysis of feeding behavior revealed that these animals were more motivated by food reward, but they had delays during learning of the task. This finding correlated with the number of c-FOS-immunoreactive neurons, which indicated that malnourished animals had an increase in the number of neurons activated in response to the palatable diet, especially in the amygdala and caudate putamen. The study therefore confirmed our hypothesis that early nutritional insults promote changes in encephalic control mechanisms, especially those related to food intake and search for reward.

No abstract

The translation and adaptation processes were successful for both scales, resulting in versions that are not only equivalent to the originals, but are also intelligible for the population at large.