We have previously demonstrated that a tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive subpopulation of mononuclear cells isolated from collagenase digests of human osteoclastoma tissue exhibits an osteoclast phenotype and can be induced to resorb bone. Using these osteoclast precursors as a model system, we have assessed the chemotactic potential of 16 chemokines. Three CC chemokines, the recently described CKbeta-8, RANTES, and MIP-1alpha elicited significant chemotactic responses. In contrast, 10 other CC chemokines (MIP-1beta, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, HCC-1, eotaxin-2, PARC, SLC, ELC) and 3 CXC chemokines (IL-8, GROalpha, SDF-1) were inactive. None of these chemokines showed any chemotactic activity for either primary osteoblasts derived from human bone explants or the osteoblastic MG-63 cell line. The identity of the osteoclast receptor that mediates the chemotactic response remains to be established. However, all three active chemokines have been reported to bind to CCR1 and cross-desensitization studies demonstrate that RANTES and MIP-1alpha can partially inhibit the chemotactic response elicited by CKbeta-8. CKbeta-8, the most potent of the active CC chemokines (EC(max) 0.1-0.3 nM), was further characterized with regard to expression in human bone and cartilage. Although expression is not restricted to these tissues, CKbeta-8 mRNA was shown to be highly expressed in osteoblasts and chondrocytes in human fetal bone by in situ hybridization. In addition, CKbeta-8 protein was shown to be present in human osteophytic tissue by immunolocalization. These observations suggest that CKbeta-8, and perhaps other chemokines, may play a role in the recruitment of osteoclast precursors to sites of bone resorption.
Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) was pulped to get the juice. The juice was given heat treatment. Yoghurt was formulated and flavored with prepared beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) juice at different concentration levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mL). The most preferred flavored yoghurt samples were obtained by sensory scores (color, flavor, mouth feel, aftertaste and overall acceptability). The most preferred sample was then subjected to proximate, physico-chemical, microbiological and micro-nutrient analysis. The result obtained showed that the pH value ranged between 6.5 and 7.8. Thus, this showed that the product was quite good. However, ash and moisture content increased with addition of the beetroot juice, while micro-nutrient, (Mg, Na, K, Ca and Vitamin C) increased with the addition of the juice. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the overall acceptability of all products. There was no coliform and mould growth in all the samples. The best concentration level in the samples was 90 mL of yoghurt and 10 mL of beetroot juice. Therefore, the beetroot flavored yoghurt could be said to be nutritious, safe and an acceptable product by the panelists.
The use of lightweight bricks that are used as walls in buildings is waterproof and strong in bearigng the burden on the building flor, but after the building is demolished, the demolition of the building is recycled to function as a pavement material on the road surface as a mixture of Laston AC – WC, so waste from the building is functioning again and is not just thrown away. In this study using lightweight brick building waste material as a filler so that this demolition waste produces a positive value for building demolition waste. As for designing the Laston AC – WC using coarse and fine aggretes from Bili – Bili Gowa Regency with 60/70 penetration asphalt, the mixture is substituted with Cement to get a Conventional Marshall tes and Immertion to get a Time Strenght Index (IKS) as well as in the AC – WC laston mixture through marshall Immersion testing This research methodology is carried out in the from of testing the characteristics of coarse aggregates and fine aggregates, fillers and asphalt that meet the specification standars and then made a mixture composition design then making test specimens that produce a mixture of Laston AC – WC and then testing to obtain the characteristics of Conventional Marshall. And to get the Marshall Immersion, test Immersion is done in determining the immersion Index (IP) / Residual Strength Index (IKS). The results of this experimen wiht a combination of lightweight brick filler 0%: 100% Cement filler, 25% lightweight brick fille : 75% Cement filler, 50% lightweight brick filler : 50% Cement filler, 75% lightweight : 25% Cement filler, 100% lightweight : )% Cement filler, characteristics at optimum conditions for mixture of Laston AC – WC use 100% lightweight brick waste then VIM 4,18%, VMA 15,10%, Stability 2400,41 kg, Flow 3,40%, Marshall Quantien (MQ) 706,30% and IKS 92,31%.
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