The richness and composition of a mountain-river chironomid larvae assemblage in the Jacuí River basin, Brazil were studied, and compared with other riverine non-biting midge larvae assemblages previously studied in the country. Additionally, the influence of some regional-scale environmental characteristics on the spatial distribution of these assemblages was tested. The specimens were collected at 12 sites in the middle course of the Jacuí River basin (in the state of Rio Grande do Sul) between April 2000 and May 2002. Around 100 taxa were recorded. The dominant taxa belonged to the genera Rheotanytarsus, Cricotopus, Polypedilum, and Pseudochironomus. Twenty-two rare taxa were found, representing 22% of the total of taxa inventoried. Fourteen genera (Aedokritus, Axarus, Endotribelos, Kiefferulus, Manoa, Oukuriella, Phaenopsectra, Stenochironomus, Xenochironomus, Xestochironomus, Cardiocladius, Metriocnemus, Paracladius, and Rheocricotopus) represent new occurrences in Rio Grande do Sul. The similarity analysis of the chironomid larvae assemblages inventoried in 32 regions of Brazil indicated five groups with similarity higher than 50%. The groups, when the effects of spatial autocorrelation were removed, displayed a weak positive correlation between the assemblage composition and the aquatic system or hydraulic conditions and the hydrographic basin, and a weak negative correlation in relation to the biome. The altitude showed no correlation with the composition of the assemblage. The relatively high richness of the region surveyed in relation to other Brazilian regions corroborates some tendencies already noted in other parts of the world, such as: i) lotic systems may constitute an exception to the rule that diversity is greater in tropical regions, ii) regions of transitional relief may contain the greatest richness of Chironomidae, and iii) in rivers, the group might have its spatial distribution influenced to a greater extent by local environmental characteristics than by regional ones.

The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.

Os rios neotropicais sofrem os efeitos das ações humanas. Medidas conservacionistas, pela escassez de estudos na região e do conhecimento límnico, baseiam-se em dados referentes a outras regiões, sendo muitas vezes ineficazes pela inobservância das diferenças nas respostas das comunidades aquáticas às variáveis ambientais em escalas distintas. Este estudo teve como objetivos: conhecer a riqueza de insetos aquáticos em uma bacia neotropical; verificar qual a influência das variáveis ambientais na distribuição das famílias de insetos aquáticos em quatro tributários dessa bacia e observar se o padrão de distribuição das famílias de insetos aquáticos varia entre as ordens dos rios ou entre microbacias, de acordo com a influência de variáveis ambientais e espaciais. Foi encontrado um total de 9.135 indivíduos distribuídos em 26 famílias de macroinvertebrados. A estrutura das comunidades foi distinta entre as microbacias. As famílias de insetos aquáticos foram influenciadas pelas variáveis ambientais e espaciais diferentes em cada microbacia.

Resumo A Encosta do Planalto, na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, é uma área ainda bem preservada, pois sua declividade dificulta conversões no uso da terra. Contudo, a integridade ambiental de seus rios tem sido ameaçada por diversas atividades humanas, como barramentos. Com o intuito de contribuir para futuros programas de conservação do estado, este estudo apresenta uma revisão sobre os macroinvertebrados aquáticos que ocorrem nos rios e riachos na Encosta do Planalto. O levantamento foi realizado com base em dados de artigos, livros e também de dissertações e teses cujos espécimes encontram-se depositados na Coleção de Macroinverterbados Aquáticos, da UFSM. Ao todo, 355 táxons foram encontrados. A ocorrência de comunidades diversas e abundantes de Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera indica que as águas na região estudada são bem oxigenadas e relativamente limpas. Outros grupos atestam a presença de substratos pedregosos e correnteza acentuada. Mollusca, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Trichoptera e os dípteros Chironomidae estão representados por comunidades extremamente ricas, se comparadas às de rios de outras regiões do Brasil. A alta diversidade deve-se, provavelmente, à heterogeneidade ambiental dos rios e à origem evolutiva da maioria destes grupos em regiões de clima temperado, como o RS. Estes resultados mostram que os rios da Encosta do Planalto merecem atenção especial dos programas de conservação ambiental.

The spatial and temporal structure of non-biting midge (Diptera: Chironomidae) larvae assemblages and some environmental factors that affect their distribution were analyzed in a montane river and its tributaries in a temperate climate region of southernmost Brazil. In total, 69 taxa were recorded after four seasonal samplings (winter, spring, summer, and autumn). The dominant taxa were Rheotanytarsus sp. 1, Rheotanytarsus sp. 2, Cricotopus sp. 2, and Polypedilum (Polypedilum) sp., although dominance varied among the four sampling sites. The variations in dominance, abundance, and richness among the different sites were affected by environmental characteristics, such as the presence of marginal vegetation and a heterogeneous substratum, and also by human activities. Strictly environmental factors, such as altitude, and factors related to annual weather patterns, such as mean temperature and precipitation, influenced the spatial and temporal distribution of certain taxa and the structure of faunal assemblages. The influence of the riparian vegetation and riverbed heterogeneity on the composition, richness, and abundance of the chironomid larvae assemblages indicates that human activities, such as deforestation and the construction of dams, constitute a serious threat to the conservation of these insects and to the fauna that depends on them for food.