Clays are of paramount importance for soil stability, but also in applications ranging from oil recovery to composites and hydrogels. Generically, clays are divided into two subclasses: macroscopically swelling, ‘active’ clays that have the capacity for taking up large amounts of water to form stable gels, and ‘passive’ or non-swelling clays; the former stabilize soils whereas the latter are known to lead to landslides. However, it has been unclear so far what mechanisms underlie clay swelling. Here, we report the first observation of a temperature-induced transition from a passive to an active, swelling clay. We propose a simple description of the swelling transition; while net attractive interactions are dominant at low temperatures so that the clay particles remain attached to each other in stacks, at higher temperatures it is energetically favourable for the clay to swell due to the entropy that is gained by counterions which are liberated during swelling.

We show experimentally that gaseous CO2 intercalates into the interlayer space of the synthetic smectite clay Na-fluorohectorite at conditions not too far from ambient. The mean interlayer repetition distance of the clay when CO2 is intercalated is found to be 12.5 Å for the conditions -20 °C and 15 bar. The magnitude of the expansion of the interlayer upon intercalation is indistinguishable from that observed in the dehydrated-monohydrated transition for H2O, but the possibility of water intercalation is ruled out by a careful analysis of the experimental conditions and repeating the measurements exposing the clay to nitrogen gas. The dynamics of the process is observed to be dependent on the pressure, with a higher Page 2 of 15 intercalation rate at increased pressure. The rate of CO2 intercalation at the studied conditions is found to be several orders of magnitude slower than the intercalation rate of water or humidity at ambient pressure and temperature.

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Colloidal suspensions of Na-fluorohectorite synthetic clay platelets in saline water exhibit coexisting isotropic and nematic phases, due to gravitational separation of the polydisperse particles. We study the ordering of the platelets at the interfaces between various coexisting phases. Four different experimental techniques are employed: visual observation of birefringence, synchrotron wide angle and small-angle X-ray scattering, and magnetic resonance imaging. We find that at the narrow isotropic sol-nematic sol interface the platelets are lying horizontally, i.e. with their mean platelet normal along the vertical direction. The experiments indicate that the platelets align homeotropically both at the isotropic sol-nematic sol interface and at the nematic sol-wall interface. We further investigate the complex alignment effect of a horizontally applied magnetic field in the nematic sol, and we compare it with the adjacent nematic gel.

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) incorporation into Li-fluorhectorite (LiFh) clay and its temperaturecontrolled release. with potential pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.Structural characterization of the raw material and the clay-drug composites.Demonstration of the temperature-controlled drug release abilities of a colloidal suspension of the clay-drug composite, following pharmaceutical standards. AbstractClays have shown to be good candidates as drug delivery carriers. In the present paper, we use the temperature-dependent swelling of smectite clays to produce clay-drug composites with sizable drug load capacity. Specifically, we obtain a fluorohectorite-ciprofloxacin (Fh-Cipro) composite, in which a true intercalation of the drug between the clay interlayers has been verified by various experimental techniques. We evaluate the thermally activated drug release from a colloidal suspension of nanosized composite particles in water as well as in synthetic gastric juice from 37 0 C (body temperature) to 85 0 C. The temporal profiles of drug release from the clay fulfil the pharmaceutical standards for these systems. In this work, we have been able to produce a clay-based Temperature Controlled Release System (TCRS) with potential biomedical applications.