In vitro shoot proliferation of Tectona grandis L. (teak) using temporary immersion system (TIS) and different concentrations of BA is presented. Shoots grown on semi-solid MS medium supplemented with 2% (w/v) sucrose and 4.44 µM of BA were used as starting materials. In the TIS, three BA concentrations (2.22, 4.44 and 6.66 µM) and a cytokinin-free medium (CK-free medium) were assayed. A high average number of shoot was reached, applying 4.44 and 6.66 µM of BA (7.7 and 10.3 shoots/explant), respectively. The high BA concentrations decreased the accumulation of phenolic compounds and the deposition of lignin in the vascular cells of the teak shoots. The morphometric analysis by scanning microscopy revealed that the leaves of the shoots cultured in the TIS in Ck-free medium and with 2.22 and 4.44 µM of BA showed elliptical stomata; however, in the leaves developed with 6.66 µM of BA, the stomata were majorly ring-shaped, raised and wide open. Deformed stomata with broken epidermis of the guard cells, typical of hyperhydric leaves, were also observed. The survival percentages after ex vitro rooting on the IBA (492.1 µM) solution were higher in plantlets from CK-free medium and with 2.22 µM of BA, (96.7 and 91.7%, respectively) than those cultured on semi-solid medium (73%). The shoots from both TIS treatments developed a good root system. Plantlets from 6.66 µM of BA showed the lowest survival percentages (60%). A survival percentage was 100% two weeks after transplanting, and three months after ex vitro transfer, the plants were ready for field plantation. Here we present the first report of the successful propagation of teak by TIS.

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Tectona grandis L. (teak) is one of the premier hardwood timbers in the world, ranking at present in the top five tropical hardwood species in terms of worldwide plantation area. Characterization of the proteins present in teak leaves will provide a basis for the development of new tools aimed at assisting tree selection, the monitoring of plant propagation, and the certification of clonal and phenotypic identities. In this paper, we describe the extraction, separation, and identification of leaf proteins from T. grandis using a TCA/acetone protocol, 2DE, and MALDI-TOF. After TCA/acetone protein extraction of leaves, 998 well-resolved spots were detected in Coomassie-stained gels within the 10-114 kDa relative molecular mass (Mr) range at a pH ranging from 3 to 11. A total of 120 spots were digested and subjected to MS. Of these, 100 nonredundant protein species were successfully identified. Functional classification of the identified proteins revealed that proteins involved in photosynthesis, protein translation, and energy production were the most abundant. This work is the first high-throughput attempt to study the T. grandis leaf proteome and represents a stepping stone for further differential expression proteomic studies related to growth, development, biomass production, and culture-associated physiological responses.

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