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Developments in fluorescence imaging, brought popularity to near infrared (NIR) imaging with farred and NIR fluorophores applied for biosensing and bioimaging in living systems. Noninvasive NIR imaging gained popularity with the use of effective NIR dyes to obtain macroscopic fluorescence images. Several attributes of NIR dyes make them desirable agents, including high specificity, high sensitivity, minimized background interference, and the ability to easily conjugate with drug delivery systems. However, NIR dyes have some drawbacks and limitations, such as low solubility, low stability, and degradation. To overcome these issues, NIR dyes can be encapsulated in appropriate nanocarriers to achieve effective diagnosis, imaging, and therapy monitoring during surgery. Moreover, the vast majority of NIR dyes have photosensitizer features that can effectuate cancer treatment referred to as photodynamic therapy (PDT). In the near future, by combining NIR dyes with appropriate nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, or ceramic/silica based nanoparticles, the limitations of NIR dyes can be minimized or even effectively eliminated to form potential effective agents for imaging, therapy, and therapy monitoring of several diseases, particularly cancer. K E Y W O R D Scancer imaging, effective imaging, nanocarriers, near infrared dyes, near infrared imaging, photodynamic therapy, photosensitizers

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Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive medicines used for imaging and/or therapeutic purposes, consisting of radionuclidic and pharmaceutical parts. While PET and SPECT methods are used for imaging purposes, immuno-PET imaging method has gained popularity, recently. Immuno-PET imaging method, is a combination of PET radionuclides and biomolecules, especially monoclonal antibodies (mAb), proteins, peptides, are frequently used for the imaging of different types of cancer. Radionuclides with long half-lives are generally used in immuno-PET imaging. Long biological half-lives of mAbs is the most important reason to be preferred for immuno-PET imaging. Today, Zirconium-89 (Zr-89), Iodine-124 (I-124) with long half-lives and Copper-64 (Cu-64) and Yttrium-86 (Y-86) radionuclides with relatively long half-lives are preferred in immuno-PET imaging. In this article, studies on Zr-89, Cu-64, I-124 and Y-86-labeled mAbs with long half-life and clinical and preclinical studies were reviewed. Also, comparison of these 4 radionuclides, which are frequently used in the labelling of biomolecules (particularly mAbs) with is included.