13This work reports on the development of electrosprayed chitosan/gelatin microparticles 14 for encapsulation purposes. Initially, the effects of the chitosan molecular weight (Mw), 15 biopolymers and solvent composition on solution properties and capsule formation were 16 investigated. Results demonstrated that the sprayability of the blend solutions was 17 mainly determined by a critical range of solids content, which was needed for chain 18 entanglement and subsequent capsule formation, and by their rheological properties. 19 SAXS experiments from selected electrospraying solutions showed that clustered 20 networks between both biopolymers were formed due to the electrostatic interactions 21 between the positively charged amino groups in chitosan and negatively charged amino 22 acid residues in gelatin. As a model bioactive extract, an anthocyanin-rich black carrot 23 extract (BCE) was loaded into selected chitosan/gelatin electrosprayed structures and 24 the encapsulation efficiency and release into two food simulants (ethanol 10 % and 25 acetic acid 3%) was evaluated. Faster and greater release was observed in the acetic acid 26 medium as expected and the results showed that the main factor affecting the bioactive 27 release was the blend composition, i.e. increasing the chitosan content of the 28 formulations limited BCE release. 29 30 KEYWORDS: chitosan; molecular weight; food simulants; anthocyanins extract; 31 electrospraying. 32 33 Microencapsulation technologies are gaining interest in the food area for the 35 preservation of different bioactive compounds (Dias, Ferreira, & Barreiro, 2015) during 36 food processing and storage, preventing undesirable interactions with the food matrix 37 and ensuring their targeted delivery. In recent years, several technologies have been 38 developed and successfully applied to generate micro-and nanoencapsulated materials 39 (spray-drying, extrusion, coacervation, etc.) being the selection of the micro-or40 nanoencapsulation process mainly governed by the physicochemical properties of both 41 the core and shell materials, and the intended final application. As an alternative to 42 conventional microencapsulation techniques, the electrohydrodynamic process has been 43 recently postulated as a simple and advantageous method for generating micro-, 44 submicro-and nanoencapsulation structures for a variety of bioactive molecules (Pérez-45 Masiá, Lagaron et al. 2014, Gómez-Mascaraque and López-Rubio 2016, Gómez-46 Mascaraque, Morfin et al. 2016)), being specially interesting for the encapsulation and 47 protection of thermosensitive molecules, as the drying of the structures is based on the 48 application of an external electrical voltage and, thus, no temperature is required. As a 49 result, compared with the conventional spray-drying technique, electrospraying can 50 achieve higher microencapsulation efficiencies for thermosensitive bioactive 51 compounds (Pérez-Masiá, Lagaron et al. 2015, Gómez-Mascaraque and López-Rubio 52 2016). The morphology of the obtained...

Summary In this study, black seed oil‐loaded zein nanoparticles were produced via coaxial electrospraying. Nanoparticles obtained under optimised conditions had a uniform morphology with a mean diameter of 136 nm and a core–shell structure verified by confocal laser scanning microscope. The encapsulation efficiency of the oil in nanoparticles ranged from 65.3 to 97.2%. The peroxide value of oil in nanoparticles with high encapsulation efficiency was approximately three times lower than unencapsulated oil when stored at 60 °C for 55 days. The totox value of the encapsulated oil in nanoparticles stored at 25 °C was lower than the critical totox value of 30. The amount of thymoquinone released from encapsulated oil was low at the end of the gastric digestion, but the bioaccessibility of thymoquinone from encapsulated oil increased during intestinal digestion compared with free oil. These results demonstrated the successful nanoencapsulation of black seed oil with the improved oxidative stability due to the coaxial structures formed. Black seed oil‐loaded zein particles may have the potential to expand the use of black seed oil as a functional ingredient for food systems.

Foodborne diseases caused by pathogen bacteria are a serious problem toward the safety of human life in a worldwide. Conventional methods for pathogen bacteria detection have several handicaps, including trained personnel requirement, low sensitivity, laborious enrichment steps, low selectivity, and long‐term experiments. There is a need for precise and rapid identification and detection of foodborne pathogens. Biosensors are a remarkable alternative for the detection of foodborne bacteria compared to conventional methods. In recent years, there are different strategies for the designing of specific and sensitive biosensors. Researchers activated to develop enhanced biosensors with different transducer and recognition elements. Thus, the aim of this study was to provide a topical and detailed review on aptamer, nanofiber, and metal organic framework–based biosensors for the detection of food pathogens. First, the conventional methods, type of biosensors, common transducer, and recognition element were systematically explained. Then, novel signal amplification materials and nanomaterials were introduced. Last, current shortcomings were emphasized, and future alternatives were discussed.

Elektroeğirme, yüksek yüzey alanı/hacim oranına sahip farklı boyutlarda liflerin üretimi için yenilikçi bir yöntemdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, nane uçucu yağı yüklü ve kitin lifleri/kitin mikro kristalleri ile güçlendirilmiş zein bazlı nanobiyokompozit malzemelerin elektroeğirme yöntemi ile üretilmesidir. Üretilen nanobiyokompozitlerin yüzey morfolojisi, mekanik özellikleri ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri belirlenmiştir. Polimer çözeltisine kitin liflerinin eklenmesi ile ortalama lif çapı artmıştır. Kitin mikro kristalleri içeren malzemelerin mekanik özelliklerinin, kitin lifi içeren malzemelere göre daha zayıf mekanik özelliklere sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Kitin lifleri ve nane uçucu yağı içeren malzemeler test mikroorganizmaları üzerinde berrak zon oluşturmamıştır. Fakat kitin mikro kristalleri ile birlikte nane uçucu yağı içeren malzemeler, Staphylococcus aureus üzerinde Escherichia coli’den daha etkili olmuştur. Üretilen nanobiyokompozit malzemelerin potansiyel aktif ambalajlama sistemlerinin geliştirilmesinde kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.