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Vitamin E is the most potent lipid‐soluble antioxidant in human plasma. The richest sources of vitamin E are plant oils. This study aims to determine the concentrations of alpha, beta + gamma and delta‐tocopherols (α‐T, β + γ‐T and δ‐T) in various plant or seed oils commonly used in food, pharmaceutics or cosmetics. Forty‐one different plant or seed oil samples were purchased and kept at +4°C in the dark until the chromatographic analysis. Analyses were performed using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) following the dilution of the oil samples with 2‐propanol in a 1:3 ratio, without further processing. Total tocopherol levels in the oils analysed ranged from 11 to 3468 mg/kg. When the highest total tocopherol levels were taken into consideration, the first five plant oils were pomegranate seeds, wheat germ, fig seed, hippophae rhamnoides and corn oils. Moreover, the wheat germ, fig seed, safflower, sunflower and hazelnut oils had highest α‐tocopherol concentration in the oils analysed. These plant or seed oils have a high potential for using in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries due to their high tocopherol contents.

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Subcutaneous administration of EPM generated higher plasma concentrations and greater plasma availability compared with topical administration in non-lactating cattle. Although the S/C route provides higher faecal concentrations, the longer faecal persistence of EPM following topical administration may result in more persistent efficacy preventing establishment of incoming nematode larvae in cattle.

The horse milk gains increasing interest as a food product for sensitive consumers, such as children with food allergies or elderly people. We investigated the plasma and milk disposition, faecal excretion and efficacy of per os ivermectin (IVM) and pour-on eprinomectin (EPM) in horses. Ten mares were divided into two groups. The equine paste formulation of IVM and bovine pour-on formulation of EPM were administered orally and topically at dosage of 0.2 and 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight. Blood, milk and faecal samples were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The plasma concentration and persistence of IVM were significantly greater and longer compared with those of EPM. Surprisingly, EPM displayed a much higher disposition rate into milk (AUC : 0.48) than IVM (AUC : 0.19). IVM exhibited significantly higher faecal excretion (AUC : 7148.54 ng·d/g) but shorter faecal persistence (MRT : 1.17 days) compared with EPM (AUC : 42.43 ng·d/g and MRT : 3.29 days). Faecal strongyle egg counts (EPG) were performed before and at weekly intervals after treatment. IVM reduced the EPG by 96-100% for up to 8 weeks, whereas the reduction in the EPM group varied from 78 to 99%. In conclusion, due to the relatively low excretion in milk, EPM and IVM may be used safely in lactating mares if their milk is used for human consumption. Nevertheless, much lower plasma and faecal availabilities of EPM could result in subtherapeutic concentrations, which may increase the risk of drug resistance in nematodes after pour-on EPM administration compared with per os IVM.

Aim : To evaluate the effect of sildenafil, a selective inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-selective type 5 phosphodiesterase, on isolated rat vas deferens and its connections with the purinergic system. Methods : Epididymal and prostatic portions of isolated vas deferens were placed in organ baths containing Krebs' solution. Contractions were induced by noradrenaline (NA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), α , β -methylene ATP and electrical field stimulation (EFS). The effect of sildenafil on the contractions was compared with suramin and Evans blue (EB).Results : NA, ATP, α , β -methylene ATP and EFS caused contractions in both portions of vas deferens. NA-induced contractions were unaffected by sildenafil and suramin but potentiated by EB. ATPinduced contractions were non-competitively inhibited in both portions by sildenafil and suramin but potentiated by EB. α , β -methylene ATP-induced contractions were unaffected by sildenafil but were inhibited in both portions by suramin and EB. EFS-induced contractions were inhibited by sildenafil and suramin while potentiated by EB. Conclusion : Sildenafil inhibited the contractions in both portions of vas deferens, as did suramin. We have suggested that purinergic system has a role in this antagonism and it seems to be mediated by an ATP-dependent mechanism instead of a receptor interaction.

QE is effective in enhancing antioxidant defense mechanism, limiting oxidative stress, reducing intestinal damage, and preventing NEC development.

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