1 (p. 19) A atenção integral implica novas práticas de cuidado e de gestão, nas quais profissionais de saúde e usuários assumam a corresponsabilidade na construção das condições favoráveis à saúde pessoal e coletiva. Relações de vínculo e cooperação devem ser a base da interação em prol do bem-estar comum, o que requer processos de comunicação pautados no respeito, no compromisso, mas, também, na disponibilidade e na confiança mútua, atitudes que devem orientar as propostas de educação em saúde, seja no âmbito dos serviços, seja nas comunidades.Nessa perspectiva, a Organização Mundial da Saúde salienta a promoção da saúde como um processo promovido junto com a população, não sobre ou para ela, para o que as pessoas necessitam ter garantidos direitos, recursos e oportunidades, com vistas a que suas contribuições sejam ampliadas e apoiadas. A promoção da saúde envolve o fortalecimento das habilidades das pessoas para agir, mas, também, a capacidade de grupos, organizações e da comunidade para influenciar os determinantes e condicionantes da saúde 2 . Os profissionais de saúde assumem, dessa forma, uma responsabilidade para além de sua atuação clínica, tendo como foco o fortalecimento das pessoas e da comunidade em sua capacidade de tomar decisões e agir favoravelmente em prol da saúde. A Carta de Ottawa refere o reforço à ação comunitária como um dos campos da promoção da saúde, e salienta que o desenvolvimento das espaço aberto
Tradicionalmente, o filo Platyhelminthes era subdividido em quatro classes, Turbellaria, Trematoda, Monogenea e Cestoda, mas estudos filogenéticos apontaram que a classe Turbellaria não estava bem definida devido à ausência de sinapomorfias claras. Tais estudos, inicialmente realizados considerando dados morfológicos, indicaram que o filo Platyhelminthes apresenta-se constituído por três grupos monofiléticos: Acoelomorpha, Catenulida e Rhabditophora. Análises moleculares, bem como estudos combinando dados morfológicos e moleculares, têm indicado que os acelomorfos não são integrantes do filo Platyhelminthes. O presente artigo de revisão tem como objetivo discutir as relações filogenéticas dos principais grupos que integram os turbelários, com base em caracteres morfológicos e moleculares, bem como a posição dos acelomorfos em relação aos demais invertebrados.
Eucalyptus (family Myrtaceae), a native plant from Australia, is a genus cultivated due to its oil, gum, pulp and timber used worldwide for different commercial applications. It is a plant with significant economic importance and possibly its cultivation, in Brazil and other countries, has reduced the exploitation of native trees. The secondary metabolism of Eucalyptus, as usually found in plants, produces essential oils and tannins, which may interfere in the consumption of plants by wild animals. The goal of the present work was to investigate the influence of essential oil and tannins concentration on the herbivory of seven Eucalyptus taxa. Essential oils composition for all species investigated were characterized by CG MS HS-Trap analysis. The lowest hebivory rate were associated to Urocam, Grancam and Eucalyptus benthamii. Those taxa were associated with the presence of mix oil compounds, α/β-Pinene, Pinocarveol, α-Terpineol and Tannins. Tannins concentrations and essential oil are an important factor that contributes to the plant protection against herbivory.
Population size is a key predictor of extinction risk and is critical to listing species in IUCN threat categories. The population size of parrots-one of the most threatened bird families-is often assessed using roost counts, which suffer from multiple sources of uncertainty that need to be addressed in monitoring efforts. To improve estimates of abundance for endangered Vinaceous-breasted Parrot (Amazona vinacea), we compared extensive roost counts over the whole range of the species (Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil) with an intensive regional survey designed to address five sources of uncertainty about parrot abundance in western Santa Catarina state (WSC), Brazil, in 2016 and 2017. We estimated regional-scale abundance using a sampling design that minimizes double counting and an N-mixture model of replicated count data, which accounts for imperfect detection, implemented in a Bayesian framework. The whole-range counts amounted to 3,888 and 4,084 individuals in 2016 and 2017, respectively; regional estimates were 945 ± 50 and 1,393 ± 40 individuals, for the same two years. We found no evidence of population growth because the increase in numbers matched an increase in observation effort on both spatial scales. When extrapolating the WSC abundance estimate to three hypothetical geographical range areas of the species, under the simplifying assumption of homogenous density, we obtained values above the whole-range counts, but within the same order of magnitude, putting the global population size of Vinaceous-breasted Parrot in the thousands of individuals. Although our estimates of abundance and geographic range are larger than those currently reported by the IUCN, we suggest that Vinaceous-breasted Parrot remain in the 'Endangered' IUCN threat category pending further investigation of population trends. We recommend that roost-monitoring programs for parrots consider and address sources of 3 uncertainty through field protocols and statistical analysis, to better inform assessments of population size, trends, and threat status.
The Endangered Vinaceous-breasted Parrot, Amazona vinacea, is endemic to the Atlantic Forest. Habitat fragmentation and nest poaching have had a substantial impact on the conservation of the species. These anthropogenic factors, combined with uncertainty regarding the species’ ecology, distribution and population size, make it difficult to plan management actions. This study aimed to monitor the population size of the Vinaceous-breasted Parrot in a communal roost in southern Brazil to identify monthly and annual variation. The study also aimed to characterize the vegetation of different sites used to roost. Roost counts were performed at dawn or dusk with two observers located around the roost area. Each observer recorded the number, time and flight direction of parrots arriving or departing the roost. The highest number of individuals recorded in the roost was 184 during the non-breeding period. The months with the highest means were March, January and May, while those with the lowest were October, November and September. The number of individuals in the roost varied throughout the year, possibly due to food availability at the site. The sites frequently used as roosts were characterized by having high anthropogenic influence and the absence of an understory. The creation, maintenance and expansion of protected areas to provide food resources and nesting sites, as well as the maintenance of forest fragments in private properties, are essential for the conservation of this parrot.
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