Probiotics are live micro-organisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Cell surface molecules of these micro-organisms are being studied in relation to their ability to interact with the host. The cell wall of lactobacilli possesses lipoteichoic acids (LTA) which are molecules with immunomodulatory properties. UV radiation (UVR) has been proposed as the main cause of skin cancer because of its mutagenic and immunosuppressive effects. Photoprotection with some nutrition interventions including probiotics has recently been shown. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the oral administration of purified LTA from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG can modulate the immune-suppressive effect of UVR and skin tumour development in female Crl:SKH-1-hrBR mice. For this purpose, two irradiation models were studied: (1) a chronic irradiation scheme consisting of daily irradiations during twenty consecutive days and (2) a long-term irradiation schedule, irradiating the animals three times per week, during 34 weeks for tumour development. The results showed that T-cells in the inguinal lymph node of LTA-treated mice produced higher levels of (1) interferon-g and (2) a number of total, helper and cytotoxic T-cells compared with non-treated mice. Moreover, a significant delay in tumour appearance was found in LTA-treated mice. An increased IgA þ cell number was found in the small intestine together with a higher number of activated dendritic cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes. The latter results might be indicative of a direct effect of LTA in the gut, affecting the cutaneous immune system and restoring homeostasis through the gut -skin axis.
SummaryThe modulatory effects of solar UV radiation on the immune system have been widely studied. As the skin is the main target of UV radiation, our purpose was to compare the impact on skin innate immunity of two contrasting ways to be exposed to sunlight. Hairless mice were UV irradiated with a single high UV dose simulating a harmful exposure, or with repetitive low UV doses simulating short occasional daily exposures. Skin samples were taken at different times after UV irradiation to evaluate skin histology, inflammatory cell recruitment, epidermal T-cell population and the mitochondrial function of epidermal cells. The transcriptional profiles of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial peptides and Toll-like receptors were evaluated by RT-PCR and ELISA in tissue homogenates. Finally, a lymphangiography was performed to assess modification in the lymphatic vessel system. A single high UV dose produces a deep inflammatory state characterized by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that, in turn, induces the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages into the irradiated area. On the other hand, repetitive low UV doses drive the skin to a photo-induced alert state in which there is no sign of inflammation, but the epithelium undergoes changes in thickness, the lymphatic circulation increases, and the transcription of antimicrobial peptides is induced.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.