Abstract. This is a brief review of the standard model of cosmology. We first introduce the FRW models and their flat solutions for energy fluids playing an important role in the dynamics at different epochs. We then introduce different cosmological lengths and some of their applications. The later part is dedicated to the physical processes and concepts necessary to understand the early and very early Universe and observations of it.

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Polymer quantum systems are mechanical models quantized in a similar way as loop quantum gravity but in which loops/graphs resembling polymers are replaced by discrete sets of points. Such systems have allowed to study in a simpler context some novel aspects of loop quantum gravity. Although thermal aspects play a crucial role in cosmology and black hole physics little attention has been given to the thermostatistics of many body polymer quantum systems. In this work we explore how the features of a one-dimensional effective polymer gas, affect its microstate counting and hence the corresponding thermodynamical quantities.

We investigate the physical properties of a purely kinetic k-essence model with polynomial type equation of state motivated in superconducting membranes. We compute the equation of state parameter w and discuss the physical evolution of a universe governed by the polynomial equation of state and, using the adiabatic speed of sound and energy density, we restrict the range of parameters of the model in order to have an acceptable physical behavior.

Constraints to the mass of a scalar field and the strength of its self-interacting coupling constant are obtained. This was done using observations of stellar dynamics at the center of our galaxy and by assuming that the dark compact object responsible of such dynamics is a boson star and not a supermassive black hole. We show that if such scalar field represents a spin-zero particle with cross section high enough to be considered collisional dark matter, there is a region of parameters compatible with both conditions: that the scalar field play the role of collisional dark matter and that it can form objects with the mass and compactness compatible with stellar kinematics.

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