The study includes proposals regarding the development of rational financial policies by Russian companies in modern conditions. The authors have identified the following areas of difficulty: sales, the deficit and availability of financial resources and investment for development and distribution, instability of external conditions. Changes in price policies, optimization of components and volume of trade receivables accounts are some of the suggested ways of improving a company’s sales. The solution to the lack of financial resources for a company’s investment development can be determined by selecting the more effective forms of financing. The authors point out the limitations of investment activities financing under conditions of import substitution while suggesting a composition of indicators of innovation activity. The study states that the state faces the challenge of creating favourable conditions for improving the financial stability of companies. The authors suggest measures aimed at perfecting the mechanisms of governmental financial policies.
В статье показано значение показателя потребительской корзины в оценке уровня жизни российского населения, рассмотрено соотношение показателей уровня и качества жизни: потребительской корзины, прожиточного минимума, минимального размера оплаты труда. Авторами проанализированы состав потребительской корзины в России и странах Европы, сделан вывод о консерватизме российской потребительской корзины в течение длительного времени и ее несоответствии потребностям современной жизни. Проведен анализ структуры стоимости потребительской корзины по основным социально-демографическим группам населения. Отдельное внимание для реализации эффективной социальной политики государства авторы уделяют соотношению прожиточного минимума и минимального размера оплаты труда. В результате анализа данных о размерах основных минимальных социальных гарантий, установленных законодательством Российской Федерации, в соотношении с величиной прожиточного минимума определены имеющиеся разрывы в выплатах стипендий студентам вузов, пособий по безработице, пособий по уходу за ребенком. Исследована значимость потребительской корзины для повышения уровня жизни российского населения и развития национальной экономики. Определены направления укрепления социального статуса данного показателя как базы формирования системы оценки адекватного уровня жизни в Российской Федерации. Ключевые слова: прожиточный минимум, минимальная заработная плата, социальные стандарты, уровень и качество жизни.
The present time needs additional drivers for economic growth and market stabilization instruments which could be represented by dividend and tax policies. The main priority today (not only in Russia, but worldwide) is stability. Many companies form target groups of minority, institutional and majority shareholders and investors and motivate their specific fiscal behavior towards the company. All of this requires financial and social innovations and dividend strategies. The purpose of the article is identification of dependence between the dividend policy, key company performance parameters and investment behavior of the public. Whereas in the past, according to the firm value theory, companies tried to extend capitalization of companies and thus increase the shareholders’ yield, presently shareholders are interested in creating a profitable dividend portfolio, since the returns on it have become comparable to deposits and bond investments. As far as the sources of income have changed, the tax policy is changing too. The financial behavior of market participants has changed; the disintermediation is fining off; further differentiation of tax and non-tax revenue rates has taken place. It is necessary to optimize the tax burden on investors, to differentiate them into financial groups and to ensure adequate dividend payments for each group.
The article examines the content of public debt policy as an object of economic security in terms of methodological and practical aspects based on the assessment of debt sustainability using a system of indicators. The authors raise the issue of the need to develop a public debt management mechanism, to search for new strategies and tools, including by strengthening the functional role of international financial institutions.
Higher education institutions present key social institutions ensuring the creation and transfer of knowledge, intellectual capital, and innovations. This fact determines the significance of universities in state regulation and allocating financial resources to the best of them is becoming a crucial objective in many countries. Goals of the article is to study of the German Excellence Initiative project. The study identifies the characteristics of the Excellence Initiative project. A set of indicators of the project effectiveness is presented and the positive effects and problems of the project are indicated. Directions for the development of the European Universities’ project financing system are proposed. Project financing allowed changing the organizational structure of the German science system. However, it is necessary to continue the search for various cooperation formats and the ways for the development of gifted researchers in the scientific sphere, strengthen the universities’ prestige and infrastructure, and further improve the project financing models. Institutional strategies are aimed at strengthening the positions of a university overall allowing it to successfully compete with the leading participants in the international scientific arena. An institutional strategy requires a university to develop a long-term policy of consistent expansion and improvement of the quality of its research and promotion of young scientists and researchers allowing to identify the existing strengths and set priorities.
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