Конец шестидесятых годов прошлого столетия считается датой начала изучения контекстуального употребления фразеологических единиц (ФЕ). Первым из отечественных ученых, который начал исследование окказио-нальных изменений ФЕ в контексте, был выдающийся российский ученый А.В. Кунин [1][2][3]. Именно благодаря ему в научный оборот впервые были введены лингвистические термины «узуальное употребление» и «окказио-нальное употребление» фразеологических единиц и определены три типа фразеологического контекста. Первый из них -внутрифразовый -включает фразеологизм и его актуализатор, выраженный словом или словосочетанием в составе простого или сложного предложения. Фразовый контекст включает ФЕ и актуализатор, выраженный предложением. Последний тип контекста -сверхфразовый -представляет собой сложное синтаксическое целое, состоя-щее из предложений, объединенных в смысловом и синтаксическом отно-шении.Несмотря на то, что существуют определенные расхождения в термино-логии, используемой исследователями фразеологического материала, боль-шинство ученых выделяют два основных способа контекстуального употреб-ления фразеологических единиц: употребление контекстуально нетрансфор-мированных ФЕ и использование контекстуально трансформированных фра-зеологизмов. К первому способу относится использование фразеологических единиц в контексте в их основной, словарной форме. Второй способ подра-зумевает трансформации различного типа при окказиональном употреблении ФЕ.
Purpose of the study: The experiment is aimed at studying the potential of non-native speakers in applying various idiom transformations. The relevance of the current work is closely related to its purpose since the ability to identify the key component of an idiom or proverb makes their comprehension much easier and deeper. Methodology: The authors used experimental methods to reveal the role of transformations in identifying the key components of idioms. The experiment included several types of experiments: natural, transformational, open and mental. The subjects were 28 third-year students of Kazan Federal University whose major is English as a group of informants. The group of informants was given 10 English phraseological units which include a component part nominating some profession. Students were given two tasks and the time limit given for it was 2 – 2.5 hours. Main Findings: The paper describes an experiment conducted with the purpose of identifying key components/components of phraseological units. Having analyzed two types of phraseological transformations (substitution and deletion) performed by informants, we draw conclusions concerning the relevance of applying each of these types of transformation for the purpose of identifying the key component/components. Applications of this study: Analysis of the results of the experiment conducted within this research demonstrates that each of the phraseological units under analysis is built according to a particular semantic model, which is retained when any of the component parts are substituted and can be restored when deleting component parts other than key ones. Novelty/Originality of this study: The fact that most phraseological units are built according to some semantic template and the possibility of distinguishing one or more key components within them is assumed. The experiment also reveals the possibility of an element of a phraseological unit being not necessarily a component part. The relevance of the current work is closely related to its purpose since the ability to identify the key component of an idiom or proverb makes their comprehension much easier and deeper.
The paper looks into macrostructural and microstructural parameters of bilingual and multilingual Russian-English phraseological dictionaries. The dictionaries are considered in chronological order, beginning from the very first to the latest ones. Macrostructural parameters description includes the number of head phrases presented, their choice, order of their presentation. Analysis of microstructural parameters of dictionaries pays special attention to introducing head phrases from the formal viewpoint, revealing their grammatical valiency and lexical collocability, stylistic labels, giving examples illustrating the ways of their use and presentation of synonyms and antonyms. The paper also analyzes the volume and quality of the information unit of dictionary entries. The conclusions are that their volume is constantly extended and the quality of each parameter description is enhanced. Authors of dictionaries published later try to add still more parameters of phraseological unit meaning to be described in bilingual dictionaries.
The paper describes the results of the study of phraseological units with paradoxical word combinations consisting of lexemes that semantically cannot collocate with each other. The empirical material of the research includes units of two widely spoken European languages: English and Russian which were collected from different unilingual and bilingual phraseological dictionaries by using continuous sampling method. The paper begins with a brief review of contemporary research for analyzing paradox as a phenomenon observed in phraseology and studies that might unfold the secrets of using semantically not collocable words as component parts of prototypes of such phraseological units. Etymological data gathered from various sources of the languages analyzed applying the method suggested by E. Piirainen and D. Dobrovol'skij witness to the time the phraseological units were coined the word combinations we are analyzing did not use to sound paradoxical. It is due to some formal or semantic alterations that the prototypical word combinations or their component parts had to undergo they started to sound paradoxical.
The article is devoted to discussing transformed phraseological units based on the American government blog materials. The theoretic part of the work touches upon the question of terminology. The authors study the existing approaches to fixedness (stability, irregularity, occasional use, modifications) of phraseological units. We seek to analyze the modified variants of phraseological units, describe mechanisms of transformations, and provide their translations. Special attention is devoted to deviations of semantic stability within the structure of phraseological units and modifications that appear when deviations occur. The analysis of the examples will provide a better understanding of the process which is being discussed. Among the mechanisms that trigger transformations, we distinguish between metonymy, polysemy, and context, making modifications within the principle of semantic fixedness, among them reconsideration of phraseological unit meaning and literalization of meaning. Finally, in terms of semantic fixedness, we will define two possible variants of phraseological units' transformations.
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