A major public health threat that affects humans is recognized worldwide as an occurrence of antibiotic resistance regarding bacterial pathogen. Multidrug resistant microorganisms appeared in the hospitals and in the community settings respectively insinuating that the antibiotic-resistant bacteria are present even outside the hospital environment. First stage of bacterial adaptation and the top of evolution is represented by the bacterial response to the drug assault. Then, the survival of the fittest is a consequence of the biochemical and genetically alteration. Therefore, of extreme importance are the innovative methods and devices for therapeutic approaches against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.
The development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria possesses a huge threat to public health by nullifying the effect of even the most efficient antibiotics. From years, LDHs type nanomaterials have been used as drug carriers for a wide variety of pharmaceutically active molecules due to their delivery properties, making these inorganic-organic nanohybrids very efficient antimicrobial agents. The major purpose of this work was to synthesize and characterize ceftriaxone intercalated layered nanostructures for further use to treat some infections, mostly of them child infections. The novel nanohybrid materials were prepared by ion exchange route and coprecipitation method. Structural and morphological characterization was performed by FTIR, EDX and SEM techniques. The results revealed a high incorporation of the drug in the interlayer space of promising nanostructures.
From their discovery, antibiotics have significantly improved clinical treatments of infections, thus leading to diminishing morbidity and mortality in critical care patients, as well as surgical, transplant and other types of medical procedures. In contemporary medicine, a significant debate regarding the development of multi-drug resistance involves all types of pathogens, especially in acute care hospitals due to suboptimal or inappropriate therapy. The possibility of nanotechnology using nanoparticles as matrices to encapsulate a lot of active molecules should increase drug efficacy, limit adverse effects and be an alternative helping to combat antibiotic resistance. The major aim of this study was to obtain and to analyze physico-chemical features of chitosan used as a drug-delivery system in order to stop the antibiotic resistance of different pathogens. It is well known that World Health Organization stated that multidrug resistance is one of the most important health threats worldwide. In last few years, nano-medicine emerged as an improved therapy to combat antibiotic-resistant infections agents. This work relies on enhancement of the antimicrobial efficiency of ceftriaxone against gram(+) and gram(−) bacteria by antibiotic encapsulation into chitosan nanoparticles. Physicochemical features of ceftriaxone-loaded polymer nanoparticles were investigated by particle size distribution and zeta potential, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TG/TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) characteristics techniques. The obtained results revealed an average particle size of 250 nm and a zeta potential value of 38.5 mV. The release profile indicates an incipient drug deliverance of almost 15%, after 2 h of approximately 83%, followed by a slowed drug release up to 24 h. Characteristics peaks of chitosan were confirmed by FTIR spectra indicating a similar structure in the case of ceftriaxone-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. A good encapsulation of the antibiotic into chitosan nanoparticles was also provided by thermo-gravimetric analysis. Morphological characteristics shown by SEM micrographs exhibit spherical nanoparticles of 30–250 nm in size with agglomerated architectures. Chitosan, a natural polymer which is used to load different drugs, provides sustained and prolonged release of antibiotics at a specific target by possessing antimicrobial activity against gram(+) and gram(−) bacteria. In this research, ceftriaxone-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were investigated as a carrier in antibiotic delivery.
Novel materials belonging to the class of anionic clays are synthesized by investigating their properties at nano scale. Thus, hydrotalcites or layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were used as drug delivery carriers in order to prevent or to treat infections produced by some pathogen agents. Their physical and chemical properties allow them to include different molecules in the interlayer space and then to ensure their transport to the target. The current work reveals the obtaining of nanohybrid compounds type amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-layered double hydroxides (Amox/CA-LDHs) followed by structural and morphological characterization of these nanostructures for future applications as drug controlled release systems. IR spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy pointed out LDHs ability to incorporate the medicines without modification of therapeutic activity.
Recently, nanotechnology research studies have been proven that use of various nanoparticles as drug delivery systems to target and to annihilate pathogenic microorganisms may be a good solution for prevention and treatment of severe infection. In the last few years, antimicrobial drug encapsulation into nano-sized systems has materialized as a promising alternative that increased drug efficacy and minimized adverse effects. Physicochemical properties of erythromycin-loaded polymer nanoparticles were assessed using particle size distribution, HPLC, FTIR, TG/DTA, and SEM characterization techniques. The as-prepared samples exhibited an average particle size of 340 and 270 nm, respectively, with erythromycin content of 99.7% in both samples. From the release profile of erythromycin from PLA/PLGA, a prolonged drug release can be observed from both Ery-PLA and Ery-PLGA nanostructures. Morphology images exhibited spherical, rigid, and ring-shaped nanoparticles. Thermal analytical study in the case of Ery-PLA and Ery-PLGA samples showed that pure drug has an endothermic peak at around 150 °C assigned to a melting point. The antibiotic melting peak disappeared for both antibiotic-loaded PLA and PLGA nanoparticles thermographs, denoting the presence of erythromycin. This indicates that the antibiotic is uniformly dispensed throughout the host polymer matrix at nanometer scale. FTIR spectra of Ery-PLA and Ery-PLGA nano-architectures with almost similar peaks indicated no alteration in chemical structure of drug-loaded polymer nanoparticles.
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