Cryptosporidium parvum produces a prolonged watery diarrhea unresponsive to conventional antimicrobials. Because of reported efficacy of antibody-based immunotherapy, we studied the effect of inexpensive, commercially available oral bovine serum concentrate (BSC) in experimental cryptosporidiosis. Twenty-four calves were treated with 57 g/d BSC (n ϭ 12) or soy protein (n ϭ 12) added to their standard whey protein-based milk replacer (227 g/2 L twice daily). Of the 24, 9 were also treated with L-glutamine (GLN), 8 g/L (50 mM) in the milk (5 calves in the BSC group and 4 in the soy group). Animals were inoculated with 10 8 cryptosporidium oocysts per os on d 8 of life and received oral rehydration on d 12-14. Eight uninfected controls were treated with BSC or soy protein. Fecal and urine volume and urinary Cr-EDTA excretion were measured. Animals were killed on d 18 of life. Cryptosporidiosis induced severe watery diarrhea lasting Ͼ9 d and produced a 25% increase in intestinal permeability, a 33% decrease in villous surface area, and a 40% reduction in mucosal lactase specific activity. Glutamine treatment had no effect on the diarrhea or any of the intestinal tests; and therefore pooled data were used to compare the 12 calves treated with BSC with the 12 treated with soy. In animals receiving BSC, peak diarrheal volume and intestinal permeability were reduced 33%, fewer oocysts were shed, intestinal crypts were significantly deeper, and villous surface area returned to normal by 9 d after infection (all p Յ 0.05). BSC should be studied as a treatment for human cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidiosis is a major enteric pathogen found globally in infants with acute and chronic diarrhea, and is a cause of persistent diarrhea in 10%-20% of patients with AIDS. Cryptosporidium parvum is also the most widespread enteropathogen identified in neonatal calves. Ninety percent of American dairy farms harbor this coccidian, and 92% of asymptomatic adult cows have specific anti-C. parvum IgG, IgG1, IgG2, and IgM antibodies (1). Neonatal calves experience high morbidity, but low mortality with monoinfections, although mixed infections result in a much greater rate of mortality (2). The epidemic potential of this organism was realized in Milwaukee in 1993, when over 400,000 residents contracted the infection from contaminated municipal water sources (3). Presently, there is no available antimicrobial to kill cryptosporidium; in fact, there is no treatment to stimulate bowel repair from any infectious agent in infants with serious or chronic diarrhea.We have shown that cryptosporidial diarrhea is both malabsorptive and secretory in nature, produced by partial mucosal destruction as well as elevated levels of prostaglandin E 2 and prostacyclin, the latter of which activate enteric secretomotor neurons (4). We have also found beneficial effects of growth factors (present in serum and colostrum) in enhancing bowel repair in rotavirus diarrhea and after intestinal ischemic injury (5, 6). Recently, Lembcke (7) showed in Peruvian children...