In tissue engineering, 3D printing is an important tool that uses biocompatible materials, cells, and supporting components to fabricate complex 3D printed constructs. This review focuses on the cytocompatibility characteristics of 3D printed constructs, made from different synthetic and natural materials. From the overview of this article, inkjet and extrusion-based 3D printing are widely used methods for fabricating 3D printed scaffolds for tissue engineering. This review highlights that scaffold prepared by both inkjet and extrusion-based 3D printing techniques showed significant impact on cell adherence, proliferation, and differentiation as evidenced by in vitro and in vivo studies. 3D printed constructs with growth factors (FGF-2, TGF-β1, or FGF-2/TGF-β1) enhance extracellular matrix (ECM), collagen I content, and high glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content for cell growth and bone formation. Similarly, the utilization of 3D printing in other tissue engineering applications cannot be belittled. In conclusion, it would be interesting to combine different 3D printing techniques to fabricate future 3D printed constructs for several tissue engineering applications.
Biodiesel has caught the attention of many researchers because it has great potential to be a sustainable fossil fuel substitute. Biodiesel has a non-toxic and renewable nature and has been proven to emit less environmentally harmful emissions such as hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) as smoke particles during combustion. Problems related to global warming caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could also be solved by utilizing biodiesel as a daily energy source. However, the expensive cost of biodiesel production, mainly because of the cost of natural feedstock, hinders the potential of biodiesel commercialization. The selection of natural sources of biodiesel should be made with observations from economic, agricultural, and technical perspectives to obtain one feasible biodiesel with superior characteristics. This review paper presents a detailed overview of various natural sources, their physicochemical properties, the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of biodiesel when used in a diesel engine. The recent progress in studies about natural feedstocks and manufacturing methods used in biodiesel production were evaluated in detail. Finally, the findings of the present work reveal that transesterification is currently the most superior and commonly used biodiesel production method compared to other methods available.
Writing skills are quite complex problems in Indonesia and even the world. Writing is closely related to reading, because to be a good writer, they should have a good capability in reading. Meanwhile, the problems faced by Indonesian people at this time are low in reading interest and motivation also the availability of adequate textbooks. The instruction of writing practice is delivered orally by teachers and certainly the result is not optimum. The purpose of this study is to describe the effectiveness of literacy textbooks. The effectiveness of literacy text books is seen from two aspects, namely students' learning outcomes in the form of product (textbook) of children stories are based on the "local wisdom" and students' responses to the application of textbooks in the learning process. From the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that the ability of students in understanding the literacy textbooks is quite good. These results are obtained from the products produced by the students in the form of short story scripts. The findings of this study showed that the ability to use the Indonesian spelling was still low and need to be improved, because the fact that reported speech produced by students are not in line with the rules. In addition, the story line in the children texts is still flat. Whereas, the students' responses on the effectiveness of text books are in the "good" category. The students are very interested in using of 'literacy' textbooks to write children's story scripts based on the "local wisdom and cultivation of character" because they have the opportunity to produce a children's story script. They even asked for the additional time and suggested that the teaching of Indonesian spelling material to be inserted in the chapter of the 'literacy' textbooks.
Telemedicine promises a great opportunity for health care service improvement. However, it has several issues for its implementation in certain area. They Keywords: Telemedicine, Telemonitoring, Wireless Mesh Network IntroductionWireless communication technology has seen the fastest growth in the history to provide telemedicine innovation, boosted by deployment of enabling technology and technological advanced in signal processing, access and coverage area. The well established and emerging wireless technologies have tackled the location boundary from wired based telemedicine, where the parties need at specific place with the cable connection. The parties involved can tap into vital information anywhere and at any time within the wireless network coverage. Various wireless telemedicine solutions have been proposed and developed by adopting recent wireless technologies.Most proposed solutions were based on commercial off-the-shelf wireless technologies, with enhancements on flexibility and deliverability on heterogonous data. The use of commercial network services, such as cellular and long term evolution (LTE), creates problems in integration between different global communication options and standards. Restricted scalability of the network provider may also limit the extent of telemedicine service especially in the low market area. The reliability and the quality of medical data exchanges in this network are very much reliant on the service level from network provider. The use of independent wireless network is needed to provide an open integrity for telemedicine service enhancement.Various wireless technology solutions have been proposed and deployed in telemedicine application. Most proposed solutions are based on off-the-shelf and established wireless technology, with enhancements for flexibility and heterogonous service delivery. Wireless technology also provides reliability, flexibility and portability from telemedicine service requirement. These wireless and wired technologies infrastructures for telemedicine services are summarized in Table 1.
The purpose of this research is the development of a supply chain framework in order to provide the process reference model based on the relationship between entities. This research chooses multiple cases of oil palm refinery in Malaysian because there is a barrier in implementing supply chain strategy in the form of inadequate measurement performance system. The methodology developed in this research comprised three phases involving business process reengineering, supply chain relationship model and performance indicator. There are 35 refineries in the peninsular Malaysia. However, measurement of supply chain performance will be selected in 6 oil palm refineries. The findings show that the conceptual framework can provide an instrument to analyze supply chain performance and evaluate the existing supply chain strategy.
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