Domesticated buffaloes have been integral to rice-paddy agro-ecosystems for millennia, yet relatively little is known about the buffalo genomics. Here, we sequenced and assembled reference genomes for both swamp and river buffaloes and we re-sequenced 230 individuals (132 swamp buffaloes and 98 river buffaloes) sampled from across Asia and Europe. Beyond the many actionable insights that our study revealed about the domestication, basic physiology and breeding of buffalo, we made the striking discovery that the divergent domestication traits between swamp and river buffaloes can be explained with recent selections of genes on social behavior, digestion metabolism, strengths and milk production.

The objective of this research to study on the technical aspect management of local buffalo in Gayo Lues district. Forty local buffalo farmers located in three selected sub district of Rikit Gaib, Pantan Cuaca and Dabun Gelang in Gayo Lues were visited and data or informations were collected through interview of the farmers. Data collected included: breed and breeding performance, feed and feeding practices, rearing practices, health aspect and marketing. The data were tabulated and compared with the standard guideline of buffalo management from the Directorate General of Livestock Service (DGLS). Result showed that management practices of local buffalo applied by farmers in Gayo Lues were found very low, only 40.16% of the standard management from DGLS. Application of health (64.57%), and housing (74.78%), while application of breeding and reproduction, rearing practices and feed and feeding were 41.76%, 46.50%, and 17.67% of the standard, respectivel

The objective of this research was to find the basic data on genetic diversity of mtDNA D-Loop in Aceh cattle and its association with Bhutanese, Chinese, and Indian cattle. There were sixty samples of DNA which had been sequenced; i.e. Banda Aceh (11), Saree (20), and Indrapuri (29). To the best of our knowledge this is the first published data on the complete mitochondrial D-Loop sequence of Aceh cattle. Results show that Aceh cattle have the closest relationship to Bos indicus and have been influenced by Bos taurus. The closest genetic ranges among Aceh cattle, Bhutanese, Chinese, Indian and Zebu were Aceh–Zebu (0.0138), Aceh–Bhutanese (0.0156), Aceh–Chinese (0.0190) and Aceh–Indian (0.0193). D-Loop mtDNA analyses showed that there were 27 haplotypes in which twenty-one samples spread in haplotype 1, two samples were in haplotype 2, and the other four haplotypes had various samples in the range of three to seventeen samples. One sample of Aceh cattle from Saree has a closest maternal genetic with B. taurus. One of the four mutations among the star-shaped clusters on median joining network was a new specific haploid-group in Aceh cattle. From this finding it could be assumed that Aceh cattle form a specific haplotype and it can be conclude that Aceh cattle are animal genetic resources from Aceh in Sumatera Island that have to be preserved.

Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui performans reproduksi kerbau betina lumpur (Bubalus bubalis) di Kecamatan Simeulue Barat Kabupaten Simeulue. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari 2016. Pemilihan lokasi penelitian dilakukan pada 4 desa yaitu: Desa Malasin, Lamamek, Sigulai dan Sembilan. Pemilihan lokasi penelitian ini dilakukan secara sengaja (purposive sampling). Metode penelitian yang digunakan metode survei untuk memperoleh data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer dilakukan melalui teknik wawancara langsung dengan pemilik ternak kerbau berdasarkan daftar pertanyaan yang telah disiapkan dalam bentuk kuesioner. Data sekunder diperoleh dari instansi-instansi terkait di Kabupaten Simeulue dan Kecamatan  Simeulue Barat. Materi penelitian meliputi 40 orang peternak yang berdomisili di 4 (empat) desa di Kecamatan Simeulue Barat. Penentuan peternak responden adalah dengan menggunakan metode simple random sampling, dengan ketentuan minimal peternak memelihara 2 (dua) ekor kerbau. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan umur dewasa kelamin 2,5-3,0 tahun, umur beranak pertama 3,5-4,0 tahun, lama bunting 310-330 hari, jarak antara melahirkan sampai bunting kembali 4-6 bulan, selang beranak 14-16 bulan, Angka Kelahiran 36%, sedangkan Angka perkawinan per kebuntingan dan angka kebutingan agak sulit untuk diketahui dikarenakan sistem perkawinan ternaknya bebas alami dan sistem pemeliharaannya masih ekstensif. Disimpulkan bahwa performans reproduksi ternak kerbau betina lumpur di Kecamatan Simeulue Barat belum optimal, namun mempunyai reproduksi yang baik dan berpeluang untuk dikembangkan. Reproduction Performance of Female Mud Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) In West Simeulue District Simeulue RegencyAbstract. This research aims to find out the reproductio performance of female mud buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in West Simeulue District Simeulu Regency. This research was conducted in four villages: Malasin Village, Lamamek, Sigulai and Sembilan. The selection of research location was done intentionally (purposive sampling). The research method used was survey methods that is to obtain primary data and secondary data. Primary data was collected through direct interview techniques with the owner of buffaloes by a list of questions that had been prepared in the form of questionnaire. Secondary data obtained from the relevant institutions at the Simeulue Regency and West Simeulue District. The research material includes 40 (fourty) breeders who live in 4 (four) villages in the West Simeulue District. Determination of the respondent breeders by using simple random sampling method, with minimum provisions the breeders maintain 2 (two) buffaloes. The results showed the age of sexual maturity are 2.5 to 3.0 years, the age of first birth are 3.5 to 4.0 years, pregnant duration are 310-330 days, the duration between the giving birth to repegnant are 4-6 months, giving birth interval are 14-16 months, the Birth Rates are 36%, while the number of marriages per pregnancies and pregnancy rate were rather difficult to know because the mating system is naturally free and maintenance system are still extensive. In conclusion, that the reproductive performance of female mud buffaloes in the West Simeulue District still has not been optimal, but have a good reproductive and likely to be developed

A system of data input and the grade of students who still use manual way namely by filling form of data on student and the grades of students in the form of paper sheet done by administration and teacher. Besides needed a place the immense storage, to find files need a require a long time, because that is the way are considered less effective. Websites is information in word wide web stored in different file as a page web. Academic information system web-based can manage academic information with more effective. The software used for develop information system web is PHP and MySQL for databases. Keywords : Php, MySQL, System, Information, Education